List of loanwords in Indonesian - Wikipedia

The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, including Sanskrit, Tamil, Hindi, Bangla, Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and other Austronesian languages.

Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Malaysia in a number of respects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. ترجمه keep calm im queen Indonesia functioning as lingua franca for speakers of 200 various languages across the archipelago.

Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. ترجمه keep calm im queen Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).

At its development stage, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made its way to the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during colonial period had resulted significant amount of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. The event significantly affected the original Malay language which gradually developed into the modern Indonesian language. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.[1]

Chronology

The study on Indonesian etymology and loan words reflected its historical and social context. Examples are the early Sanskrit borrowings probably in the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian during the time of the establishment of Islam in particular, and the ones from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.[2]

• Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.
• Indonesian has involved in trade with Chinese since ancient times and also significant of Chinese immigrants began to migrate to Indonesia, as the result some of Chinese language, especially Hokkien dialect being absorbed into Indonesian.
• Muslim influence, which came at first through Arabic and Persian traders, over a number of centuries results in an extensive Arabic influence and also Persian.
• Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.
• Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administratie) and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictief) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although there are Indonesian equivalents of them.
• Modern Indonesian regularly adapts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hitech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet).

But the processes may also be ‘out of period’; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.[2]

Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer or "odol" as all of toothpastes. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".

List of loanwords

From Austronesian languages

From Minangkabau

Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might be ultimately loanwords from Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.[3]

Word Meaning Original word acuh careful acuah anjungan pavilion anjuang awak you (regional), crew, member awak bantah denies bantah baruh lowland baruah bernas spirited boneh bunda mother bundo buyung sonny buyuang cabul lewd cabua cakak fight cakak campin skilled campin cegak vigorous cegak celoteh babble ciloteh cemeeh jeer cemeeh cengang amazed cangang dara girl, virgin, dove daro dadih buttermilk dadiah dendang sing dendang gadang large gadang gadis girl, virgin gadih gaek aged gaek galau confusion galau gelimang mixed galimang gengsi prestige gengsi heboh commotion, fuss heboh: ترجمه keep calm im queen noisy himbau call imbau jangat skin jangek jenjang ladder janjang jerang boiled jarang jinjing pick-up jinjiang junjung respectful junjuang kelok meanders kelok lamban slow lamban lancang sassy lancang nan which, who (connecting word) nan ngarai canyon ngarai nian very, really, truly nian pencak art (martial art) pancak penghulu chief of family panghulu ranah realm, domain ranah: land rancak beautiful rancak rantau foreign country rantau rendang rendang randang sanak family sanak semarak splendor semarak silat silat (martial art) silek surau mosque surau tandas demolished tandeh teroka open up new areas taruko terompah sandals tarompah tuah good luck tuah tungkai leg tungkai usang obsolete usang From Javanese

Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary.

Word Meaning Original word adem cool temperature adhem adiluhung/adiluhur refined, highly sophisticated taste adiluhung amblas vanish amblas ambruk collapse ambruk among nurture among ampuh potent ampuh anggun graceful anggun angker haunted angker anjlok dropped anjlok antek stooge antek anyar new anyar apik neat, nice apik asri beautiful (scenery/nature), neat, clean, nice asri ayu beautiful (women), pretty, gorgeous, graceful, elegant ayu ayom give shade, foster, protect ayom, hangayomi baluwarti palace fortified wall baluwerti (ultimately from Spanish 'baluarte via Filipino languages) bangsal hall bangsal, ultimately from Sanskrit: sala (room) batik batik mbatik, from: amba-nitik bejat depraved bejat beres completed beres betot pull suddenly betot bopong carry bopong brandal thugs brandalan bromocorah criminal bromocorah buron/buronan runaway or fugitive buron: from buru-an (to be hunted) candi temple candhi canggih sophisticated canggih cebol midget cebol celingukan look around celingukan ceplas ceplos speak out frankly ceplas ceplos copet pickpocket copet dengkul knee dengkul doyan be fond doyan edan crazy edhan empu maestro, master craftsman mpu ganteng handsome ngganteng gebrakan blow gebrakan gede big gede gembok padlock gembok gendong pickaback gendong gerebek raid grebeg: traditional ceremony involving mass competing to grab sacred objects gilas run over giles gosong scorched gosong irit frugal irit jagal butcher jagal jago skillful, expert jago: rooster jagoan tough guy, hero jago: rooster jajan snack jajan kedut twitching kedutan kemben torso wrap kembhen kesurupan possessed surup: fit, enter konde bulbous hairdo or hair extension on the back of the head kondhe lara sadness (poetic) lara: sickness larung intentionally swept or send away through water (river/sea) larung lapik base lapik luhur noble, high dhuwur, luhur manut obedient manut melengos looked away melengos minggat flee minggat mumpuni accomplished mumpuni nganggur idle, jobless nganggur nusantara Indonesian archipelago, archipelago nusantara pagar langkan balustrade pagar langkan pamrih intention pamrih pemirsa viewers pemirsa pendopo roofed front open hall pendhopo, ultimately from Sanskrit: mandapa (front hall as part of temple) pilek flu pilek resik clean, well maintained resik sedot suck sedot selaras harmonious slaras selingkuh affair selingkuh semberono careless sembrono semrawut complicated mess, out of order semrawut sungkan shy sungkan tembang song tembang tentram peaceful tentrem titisan reincarnated nitis tuntas complete tuntas undakan stages undhak unduh download unduh unggah upload munggah umpak base umpak From Sundanese

Other than Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This is attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten before it too was divided, constitutes the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populated cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities (Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).

Word Meaning Original word aci tapioca flour aci sampeu amburadul mess, something out of order amburadul anjangsana high official visiting anjangsana balairung hall bale riung: traditional building for meeting bloon (spelled blo-'on) stupid blo'on/o'on getol active getol hatur to express, to send (polite) haturkeun jangkung tall jangkung juara champion, winner jawara: tough guy, fighter, hero kedap proof as in "kedap air" (waterproof) kedap kesima awe, amaze kesima kesohor famous kasohor kolot old fashioned kolot: old lalap raw vegetable, consumed lalab majikan boss majikan menyaru pretending, camouflaging verbal form of saru: undistinguishable patungan chip in, joint-venture, collecting money to buy something for common use patungan pemulung waste picker noun of the verb pulung: pick pengaruh influence pangaruh pepes cooking method using banana leaf wrapping papais: plural form of pais risih uneasy, uncomfortable risih siksa torture siksa: education uwa uncle or aunty older than parent uwa From Betawi

Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including the Chinese and the Arabs. Most of its speakers are the inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other aspects of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.

Word Meaning Original word abal-abal fake, false abal-abal bangkotan aged bangkotan begah replete begah butut old-fashioned butut cebur splash cebur entot copulate entot gelandang football midfielder, bringer gelandang gelandangan homeless gelandangan mampus dead mampus ngamen street performance ngamen ribet complicated, hard, not easy ribet rombeng rags rombeng timpuk throw timpuk udak chase udak From Nias Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Nias
Word Nias
Meaning Note Meaning aboa backward (body) anda you (respectful) anda araro palate araro palate mado Nias' clan system mado From Batak Word Meaning Original word molek voluptuous molek From Maluku Word Meaning Original word beta I, me, myself béta From Manado Word Meaning Original word pasti surely so pasti From Balinese Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Balinese
Word Balinese
Transliteration Balinese
Meaning Note acah bebekel bendésa bendésa related to word désa (literally village) caturjalma Cokorda dewa

From Indian languages

From Sanskrit

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.

The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century.[4] The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese — English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

wid.ya.is.wa.ra Indonesian Word Indonesian Meaning Sanskrit Word Sanskrit Transcription Sanskrit Meaning Note abrak clear mining product, such as glass, mica अभ्रक abhraka talc, mica acara event, item in a programme आचार ācāra custom, practice, behavior adakala sometimes कदा काल kadā-kāla kada: some time, kala: time lit. whenever-time ada presence, have, true आधा ādhā hold, possess adalah to be (definition) आधारः ādhāraḥ vessel, comprehension, relation adi- (b.m.) ultimate (poetic) अधि adhi above, beside adicita ideology अधि
चित्त adhi
citta above, beside
thinking, aim, reason adikara powerful, rampant अधिकार adhikāra supremacy, authority adikarya masterpiece अधि
कार्य adhi
kārya above, beside
work, oeuvre, product adikuasa superpower अधि
वश adhi
vaśa above, beside
power, control, dominion adimarga great road अधि
मार्गः adhi
mārgaḥ above, beside
road adipati, dipati noble (title),
local government अधि
पति adhi
pati above, beside
govern adiraja High king अधि
राज adhi
raja above, beside
king adiratna great jewel अधि
रत्न adhi
ratna above, beside
jewel adisiswa honor student, valedictorian अधि
शिष्यः adhi
śiṣyah above, beside
student aditokoh hero, protagonist अधि adhi above, beside tokoh means character. adiwangsa great nation, nobleman अधि
वंश adhi
vaṁśa above, beside
lineage, dynasty see bangsa. adiwarna very beautiful, very good अधि
वर्ण adhi
varṇa above, beside
color agama religion आगम āgama traditional doctrine, sacred teaching ahimsa not injuring anything अहिंसा ahiṃsā not injuring anything ajnabi (arch.) stranger (classic word) अज्ञाति ajñāti not a kinsman, not related अज्ञ (ajñā) = unknown. aksara letter अक्षर akṣara letter alpa negligent अल्प alpa small, minute amerta immortal, eternal, unforgotten अमृत amṛta immortal, drink of the gods ananda, anakda, nanda son धर्मनन्दन
नन्दन dharmanandana
naṃdana "dharma-'s joy or son"
son aneka multifarious, varied, all sorts अनेक aneka many, various a- (not), eka (one) anekaragam variety show अनेक ग्रामः aneka-rāgam various scale anekawarna multi-colored अनेक वर्ण aneka-varṇa various color anggota limb, member अङ्गता aṅga-jāḥ born from the body, limbs, member angka numerical figure अङ्क aṅka numerical constant angkara insolence, cruel अहंकार ahaṁ-kāra ego, pride-maker angkasa sky आकाश ākāśa sky angkasawan astronaut आकाश वन ākāśa-vān the sky + having; possessing angsa goose हंस haṁsa swan angsana Pterocarpus indicus असन asana Terminalia Tomen Indica aniaya maltreatment, abuse, injustice, tyranny अन्याय anyāya sinful activities, mischief antara,
antar- among, (in) between अन्तर् antar among, between, in the middle antariksa outer space अन्तरिक्ष antarikṣa the middle of the three spheres or regions of life
atmosphere or space deity anugerah award, honour, grace अनुग्रह anugraha to bestow blessings, compassion anumerta posthumous, posthumous military award for achievement अनुमृत् anumṛt dying after, following in death anuswara nasal sound, especially nasal consonants अनुस्वारः anusvāra nasal sound, see anusvara arti meaning अर्थ
- artha
krti meaning
understanding for example, अर्थकथा (arthakathā) = explaining meanings. arya 1. title for high official in Java in the past
2. ancestor of Indian, Persian and European आर्य ārya (honourable) man, master see Aryan asa hope आशा āśā hope asana 1. foot position (representing the deva)
2. chair, throne आसन āsana sitting (according peculiar pose to the custom of devotees), see asana asmara love, passion स्मरः smaraḥ love asrama dormitory आश्रम āśrama religious order, college, hermitage asta- (b.m.) eight अष्ट aṣṭa eight atau or अथवा athavā alternatively, or, either atma soul, life आत्मन् ātman breath, life, spirit, soul see atman ayah father आर्य
- ārya,
ayya man (same in Tamil and Telugu) baca read वाच् vāc words, talk bagai as if, like भग bhaga good fortune bagi for, give भाग bhāga (to) divide baginda majesty भाग्य bhāgya good fortune + -nda: Austronesian suffix bagus fine, good, exemplary भग bhaga good fortune, happiness, welfare bahagia blissful, lucky, blessed, happy भाग्य bhāgya good fortune, luck, happiness bahasa language भाषा bhāṣā sign, description bahaya danger भय bhaya fear bahtera ship वहित्र vahitra a boat, ship bahu shoulder बाहु bāhu arm bahu- (b.m.) many बहु bahu many bahwa that (conj.) भव bhava become, state of being baiduri opal (gem) वैडूर्य vaiḍūrya cat's eye (gem) baja, waja steel, strong metal वाज vāja strength bakti, bhakti homage, devotion, service etc. भक्ति bhakti bhakti bala disaster, calamity; also means help, assist बल bala power, strength, force bangsa nation, race वंश vaṁśa lineage, dynasty see vaṃsa bangsawan noble वंश वन vaṁśa-vān of the dynasty + having, possessing barat west भरत bhārata India India is located west from Indonesia. baruna sea god वरुण varuṇa Varuna basmi eliminate, destroy भस्मन् bhasman devour, consume, pulverize (to ashes) bau an area measurement unit, 7.096 m² बाहु bāhu arm bayu wind (poetic) वायु vāyu Vayu: Hindu god of wind bela defend वेला velā time-limit, boundary, interval belaka merely बालक bālaka young belantara jungle वनान्तर vanāntara (interior of a) forest belia youth बाल्य bālya childhood age, infancy bencana disaster, calamity वञ्चन vañcana deception benda object भाण्ड bhāṇḍa goods bendahara treasurer भाण्डार bhāṇḍāra store, storehouse berahi, birahi passionate love विरहिन् virahin separated (especially from beloved person) berhala idol, image of a god भट्टार bhaṭṭāra lord berita news वार्ता vārtā news see warta. besi iron (metal) वाशी vāśī pointed knife bestari clever (vast of knowledge) विस्तारिन् vistārin extending, large, broad biara monastery विहार vihāra Buddha or Jaina convent see wihara. biarawan male monasticism विहारवन vihāra
van Buddha or Jaina convent
-man see wihara. biasa habitual, usual, ordinary अभ्यास abhyāsa habit, repetition, custom, practice biaya expense व्यय vyaya loss, expense, spending bicara speak विचार vicāra discussion, consideration bidadari apsara, nymph, lesser female deities विद्याधरी vidyādhari fairy, sylph, (fem.) bearer of knowledge bidan midwife विद्वान vidvān wise, vidwan vidvān: nom. masc. of vidvant bija seed बीजं bījaṃ seed classical word, for the modern one see biji. bijak clever, wise विचक्ष्
विचक्षण vicakṣ
vicakṣana vicakṣ: to see distinctly bijaksana clever, wise विचक्षण vicakṣaṇa clever, wise, experienced biji seed बीजं bījaṃ seed biksu bhikkhu भिक्षु bhikṣu beggar, bhikkhu biksuni bhikkhuni भिक्षु bhikṣu beggar, bhikkhuni bila when वेला vela time bina to build भिन्न bhinna different, fresh, new binaraga bodybuilding भिन्न bhinna from combined words bina: to build and raga: body binasa die, death, destroyed विनाश vināśa destruction bisa venom, malice विष viṣa poison bisa also means can, able, potent boga food भोग bhōga object of enjoyment (such as food), eating buana world (poetic) भुवन bhuvana world, earth, place of being budaya culture बुद्धि
दय buddhi
daya combination of boddhi: virtue and dhaya: power. give, move, protect budi reason, virtue बुद्धि buddhi intellect, discernment, judgment budiman kind, wise बुद्धिमान buddhimān nom. of buddhi bujangga scholar भुजंग bhujaṅga snake, dissolute friend of prince bukti proof भुक्ति bhukti enjoyment, fruition, possession bumi earth भूमि bhūmi land bupati head of second level administrative area in Indonesia भूमिपति bhūpati lord of the earth see bumi and patih busana clothing भूषण bhūṣaṇa ornament, decoration cabai, cabe Capsicum sp. (Chili Peppers) चवि cavi Piper chaba (Pepper) cahaya light छाया chāyā lustre, light cakra disk, sphere etc.
Chakra चक्र chakra wheel, circle, cycle, Chakra cakram disk, sphere etc.
disc in discus throw चक्र chakra wheel, circle, cycle, Chakra cakrawala horizon चक्रवाल cakravāla mythical mountains at the edge of light and dark, horizon candi temple चण्डिका caṇḍika another manifestation of Durga as goddess of death candu 1. opium (Papaver somniferum)
2. favorite, hobby छन्दु chandu pleasing candra, chandra moon (poetic), lunar चन्द्र candra Chandra: Hindu moon god cangkang shell शङ्ख śaṅkha winged shell attribute of Vishnu, shell cara way, style, customs चारी cāra course, way cari search, look for चारी cārī particular step catur chess चतुर
चतुरंगं catura
caturaṃgaṃ swift, quick, dexterous, clever, skilful
chess catur- (b.m.) quad- चतुर् chatur quad- cedera injury छिद्र chidra defect celaka mishap छलक chalaka delusive cempaka Magnolia sp. चंपक campaka Magnolia sp. cendala (classical) lowly, bad person चण्डाल caṇḍāla outcaste cendana Santalum album चन्दन candana Santalum album cenderawasih paradisaeidae (bird-of-paradise) चन्द्र candra Chandra: Hindu moon god ceria 1. clean, holy, pure
2. shining, clear,
3. word expression during monarch accession (archaism) चर्य carya due observance of all rites and customs, proceeding cerita story चरित carita narration, story e.g. Buddhacarita cerna digest जीर्ण jīrṇa old, digested, decayed cinta love चिन्ता cintā thought (fem.) cipta create चित्त citta thinking, aim, reason cita hope, idea, future goals चित्त citta thinking, aim, reason citarasa delicious चित्त
रस citta
rasa thinking, aim, reason
flavor, taste citra image चित्र citra picture (Hindi, Sanskrit) citrum pixel चित्र citra picture singular form back-formation of "citra" cuci clean शुचि śuci clean, pure, correct cuka vinegar चुक्र cukra vinegar curi steal चोर cōra thief, robber curiga suspicious छुरिका churikā knife dana donation, funds दान dāna donation, gift, oblation, paying back dara virgin दार dāra wife darma, dharma duty, good deeds (i.e. charity), truth etc. धर्म dharma Dharma dasawarsa decade दशन्
वर्ष daśan
varṣa ten
year, rain daya power दया dayā compassion, mercy denda fine, punishment दण्ड daṇḍa punishment derma alms giving धर्म dharma good works, justice desa village देशा deśa place, spot, region, country dewa god देव deva god dewata godness देवता devata deity dewi goddess देवी devī goddess dina (classical) day दिनं dinaṃ day dina (b.m.) poor दीन dīna poor only in hina dina (phr.) dirgahayu long live दीर्घ
आयु dīrgha
āyu long
age āyuṣā = with a life span dosa sin दोष doṣa fault; vice duka sadness दुःख duḥkha pain, sorrow, affliction, distress, unhappiness, difficulty, trouble dupa incense धूप dhūpa incense, see dhupa duta envoy दूत dūta messenger, envoy, ambassador, negotiator durjana evil, wicked, malicious दुर्जन durjana bad man, villain, scoundrel
malicious, wicked dusta lie दुष्ट duṣṭā wrong, false, guilty dwi (b.m.) two, bi- द्वि dvi two, bi- eka (b.m.) one, mono- एक eka one, mono- gajah elephant गज gaja elephant gapura gate गोपुरं gōpuraṃ gate lit. city way (way + city) garuda, geroda garuda गरुड़ garuḍa garuda gaya stylish, fashionable गय gaya wealth, property gelita dark गलित galita waning, lost, perished genta bell घण्ट ghaṇṭa bell gerha, graha building, office, house, etc. गृह gṛha house gerhana eclipse ग्रहण grahaṇa seizure, possession, eclipse gita song (poetic) गीत gīta singing, song guna utilize, use, purpose गुण guṇa quality, attribute guru teacher, guru गुरुः guru teacher harta asset अर्थः arthaḥ wealth hasta forearm (measurement unit) हस्तः hastaḥ hand hina lowly, inferior हीन hīna small, lesser, petty, deficient, left, blamable hina dina (phr.) inferior and poor, unworthy, very inferior हीन
दीन hīna
dīna lesser, etc.
poor husada health औषधं auṣadhaṃ medicine as in panti husada, health center. indra sense (organs) इन्द्रिय indriya sense (organs) istri wife स्त्री strī wife (lit. bearer of children) jaga awake, guard जागृ
जागर jāgṛ
jāgara to watch over, awake jagat universe जगत् jagat world, universe jaksa attorney अध्यक्ष adhyakṣa inspector, superintendent jala net, casting net जाल jāla net jam hour, clock याम yāma time jambu Myrtaceae जम्बु jambu Myrtaceae jampi incantation जप japa muttering, whispering (prayer) janda widow रण्डा raṇḍā widow see randa. jasa merit, service, etc. यशस्
व्यास yaśas
vyāsa worth, glory;
service jati Tectona grandis (Teak) जाति jāti Jasminum grandiflorum jawa Java, Javanese यव yava barley, grain On Java context, it means rice or paddy. jaya glorious जय jaya conquest, victory, triumph jelata common people जनता janata a number of men, assemblage of people, community, subjects, mankind jelita lovely ललित lalita lovely, charming, favourite, liked jelma incarnation, to become, to turn into जन्म janma birth jentera spinning, wheel यन्त्र yantra instrument jiwa life, soul, sanity जीव jīva (personal) soul juta million अयुत ayuta ten thousand, myriad jutawan very rich अयुत वन ayuta+vān ten thousand + having, possessing kaca glass काच kāca glass kacamata glasses, spectacles काच kāca glass kala time काल kāla time kalah defeat कलह kalaha quarrel, fight kalau if काल kāla time kali time(s), in mathematics काल kāla time kalpataru 1. tree of life and hope,
2. environmental award from government of Indonesia कल्पतरु kalpataru wishing or wonder tree, see Kalpavriksha kanta, suryakanta lens सूर्य्यकान्त
कान्त sūryyakānta
kānta sun-crystal, crystal lens
precious stone kapas cotton कर्पास karpāsa cotton karena because कारण kāraṇa cause karma 1. personal work in world
2. law of causality कर्म karma karma karsa initiative, will कर्ष karṣa pulling, obtaining, mastering (√kṛṣ) kartika star (poetic) कृत्तिका
कार्त्तिक kṛttikā
kārttika Pleiades, corresponding month (Oct-Nov) karunia blessing करुण karuṇa compassion karya work, oeuvre, product कार्य kārya work see kerja. kasturi Tapeinochilos ananassae कस्तूरी kastūrī 1. musk,
2. Hibiscus abelmoschus,
3. Amaryllis zeylanica kata word कथा kathā speech, talk, story kati a hundred thousand कोटि koṭi ten million kelahi quarrel, fight कलह kalaha quarrel, fight keling Indian, black-skinned कालिङ्ग kāliṅga related to Kalinga keluarga family कुल
वर्ग kula
varga kula: family, race, tribe or caste, kin.
varga: group see also, warga. kemala, gemala, kumala jade, gemstone कोमल komala gracious, charming kamboja Plumeria acuminata काम्बोज kāmboja 1. related to Kámbója,
2. Rottlera tinctoria,
3. white mimosa,
4. Gunja kencana gold, golden, grand, glorious काञ्चन kāñcana gold kendi water-pitcher कुण्ड
कुण्डी kuṇḍa
kuṇḍī jar, pitcher kuṇḍī: fem. form of kuṇḍa kepala head कपाल kapāla skull, cranium keranda coffin करण्ड karaṇḍa basket, box kerja work कार्य kārya the work, the manifest products see karya. ketika moment, when घट ghaṭa G'har'í or Indian clock kian become more, as much (many) as कियत् kiyān how much ana 1. ray (lit.)
2. beautiful किरण aṇa ray of light akata vocabulary कोश
कथा kośa
kathā kośa:dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary
kata: speech, talk, story kota city, town कोट्ट koṭa stronghold krida 1. action
2. sport क्रीडा krīḍā sport, play, amusement ksatria warrior, knight क्षत्रिय kṣatriya military, reigning, princely caste, supremacy kuasa power वश vaśa power, control, dominion kuda horse घोटकः
- ghōṭakaḥ
kudda horse kumba pot कुंभ kuṃbha pot, jar kunci key कुञ्चिका kuñcikā key kungkuma saffron कुंकुम kuṅkuma saffron kurnia mercy कारुण्य kāruṇya compassion, praiseworthy, excellent kusta leprosy कुष्ठ kuṣṭha leprosy kusuma, kasuma, kesuma flower कुसुम kusuma flower, blossom, bud labu gourd अलाबु alābu gourd lagu song लघु laghu gentle (sound) laksa ten thousand लक्ष lakṣa ten thousand, lakh laksana 1. like, as if
2. good sign (classical) लक्षण lakṣaṇa indirect indication, favourable mark laksamana admiral लक्ष्मण lakṣmaṇa Lakshmana laksmi beautiful, Lakshmi लक्ष्मी lakṣmī Lakshmi, beautiful lata crawling, creeping animal (usually snake) लता latā creeping plants, see vine lawang door, Cinnamon (Cinnamomum sp.), Nutmeg (Myristica sp.) लवंग lavaṅga Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) lela graceful movement, elegant लीला līlā play lena sleep soundly लीन līna lying or resting on lencana seal, emblem, badge लाञ्छन lāñchana mark, sign, vestige lingga lingam लिङ्गम् liṅgam lingam loba greedy लोभ lobha greed loka world, place, realm, abode लोक loka space, room, place, world madu honey
co-wife मधु madhu sweet food or drink, incld. honey, milk, wine, etc. madya, madia middle मध्य madhya middle maha great, super, hyper, very महा mahā great mahadewa supreme god mahā+deva supreme god mahadewi supreme goddess mahā+devi supreme goddess maha esa all-mighty maheśa = mahā+īśa supreme lord īśa (ईश): owning, possessing, powerful, supreme, capable, lord mahaguru professor mahā+guru great teacher maharaja emperor महाराज mahārāja great king maharani queen mahārani see rani. mahasiswa (male) college/university student महा
शिष्यः mahā-śiṣyah great-student (masc.) mahasiswi (female) college/university student महा
शिष्यः mahā-śiṣyāh great-student (fem.) mahesa, mahisa buffalo महिषः mahiṣaḥ buffalo mahkota crown मुकुट mukuṭa crown mala stain, dirt मल mala dirt, filth, impurity malapetaka calamity, disaster महा
पातक mahā
pātaka great
sin or collapse manakala when māna-kāla in honor of time mani sperm मणि maṇi 1. pearls, gem, jewel,
2. glans penis manik bead, sequin, jewel मणि maṇi 1. pearls, gem, jewel,
2. glans penis mantra, mantera mantra मन्त्र mantra mantra manusia human मनुष्य mānuṣa human being marga road मार्गः mārgaḥ road matra measurement unit, of length, height, depth मात्रा mātrā measurement unit maya illusion माया māyā Maya (illusion) menteri minister (head of a government department) मन्त्रि mantri king's counsellor, minister merdeka freedom, liberty महा
ऋद्धि mahā
ṛddhi-ka great
prosperity merdu sweet, melodius मृदु mṛdu soft mitra partner मित्र mitra friend muda young मूढ mūḍha stupid, silly, simple mudah easy मूढ mūḍha stupid, silly, simple muka face मुख mukha face mula to start, to begin मूल mūla origin nadi blood vessel नदि nadi stream, river naga dragon, nāga नाग nāga serpent deities nama name नामन् nāman name nawa- (b.m.) nine नव nava nine negara country नगर nagara city negeri city (lit.) नगरी nagarī city (fem.) neraka hell, underworld नरक naraka naraka nirwana an ideal condition of harmony or joy निर्वाण nirvana nirvana niskala amorph, abstract निश्चल niścala immovable; steady; unal terable, immutable nusa island (poetic) नूस nūsa nyata 1. clearly shown,
2. real,
3. proven नियत niyata Constant, Ascertained, Positive paduka foot, footwear पादुक pāduka shoe, slipper paduka honorary title for official, nobility, or king पादुका pādukā impression of the feet of a god or a holy person for the idea, see Ciaruteun inscription. pahala merit, reward (for moral conduct) फल phala fruits, of results paksa to force पक्ष pakṣa side, faction, partisan, adherent, army, position pala Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) फल phala fruits, of results panca- (b.m.) five पञ्च pañca five pariwisata tourism परि
विशति pari
viśati around
enter to enter around patih, -pati 1. obidient, submissive
2. Lord (government) पति pati master, owner see bupati. pekerti character, nature प्रकृति prakṛti origin, character, nature, pattern pendapa, pendopo hall मण्डप maṇḍapa open hall, pavilion, temple through Javanese pendhapa pendeta priest पण्डित paṇḍita learned, scholar, skilled percaya believe प्रत्ययः pratyayaḥ familiarity perdana first प्रधान pradhāna first, chief perkara problem, affairs प्रकार prakāra difference, similitude perkasa powerful, forceful, manly प्रकाश prakāśa shining, manifest, renowned pera rape प्रकाश prakāśa shining, manifest, renowned perpustakaan library पुस्तक pustaka book, manuscript see pustaka with circumfix per⟩...⟨an' pertama first प्रथम prathama first pertiwi Mother Earth पृथ्वी pṛthvī
pṛthivī Prithvi, Hindu earth deity perwira high-ranked military official प्रवीर pravīra brave or eminent man, hero, chief pra (b.m.) pre- प्रा pra before, forward to, in front of, on, forth prabu king (title) प्रभु prabhu master, lord, king prakarya handworks प्रकार्य prakārya to be manifested praja city, state प्रजा prajā people, subject (of prince), child pria man/men प्रिय priya beloved, dear puasa fasting उपवास upavāsa fasting, abstinence puja worship, adore पूजा pūjā worship, respect, homage of superiors or adoration of the gods punya have, possessive verb पुण्य puṇya merit, virtue pura Hindu temple, city पुर pura city/walled enclosure purba ancient पूर्व pūrva former, ancient, old, etc. puri palace पुर pura city/walled enclosure purna- (b.m.) complete, finished पूर्ण pūrṇa finished, complete, satisfied see also sempurna, purnama purnama full moon, a month पूर्णमा pūrṇamā full-moon (day) pustaka book पुस्तक pustaka book, manuscript puspa flower (poetic) पुष्प puṣpa flower putra, putera son, prince पुत्र putra son putri, puteri daughter, princess पुत्री putrī princess raga body राग rāga color, feeling, beauty rahasia secret रहस्यं rahasya secret raja king राजन् rāja king rajalela rage, raging, at large, rampant राज
लीला raja
līlā king
play raksasa giant, monster राक्षस rākṣasa beast-like demon randa, rangda widow रण्डा raṇḍā widow see janda. rani queen राज्ञी
राणी rājñī
rāṇī queen rāṇī (राणी) is corruption of rājñī (राज्ञी). rasa emotion, feeling, taste रस rasa to love, flavor, taste ratna jewel, gemstone (poetic) रत्न ratna jewel, gem resmi official रश्मि raśmi string, leash, ray of light in Sanskrit, रश्मि (raśmi) is synonym of पक्ष (pakṣa). rupa look, appearance रूप rūpa form, likeness sabda proclamation (poetic) शब्दः śabda voice, speech sadu best साधु sādhu good, excellent sahaya servant साहाय्य sāhāyya help, assistance saksi witness साक्षिन् sākṣin witness sakti powerful शक्ति śakti power, energy sama same सम sama same, equal samudra ocean समुद्र samudra ocean sangga 1. monastic community of bhikkhus (monks) and bhikkhunis (nuns), see Sangha.
2. smallest unit in Scouting संघ saṃgha association, clerical community, brotherhood of monks sapta- (b.m.) seven सप्त sapta seven sarira body शरीरं śarīraṃ body via Javanese word sarira sasana training hall शासन śāsana teaching, order, ruling sastra literature शास्त्र śāstra scripture, teaching, order, book satwa fauna, animals सत्त्व sattva sentint being, "that which is", existence seka wipe, rub निषेक niṣēka wash semadi, samadi, semedi, samedi meditation, contemplation समाधि samādhi deep meditation, silenece, religious vow semesta whole, total समस्त samasta united, whole, all sempurna perfect सम्पूर्ण sampūrṇa entirely, complete sengsara suffering संसार saṃsāra continuous flow of reincarnation senopati general, military leader (archaic) सेनापति senāpati senā "military" + pati "leader" seteru enemy शत्रु śatru enemy setia loyal, truthful सत्य
सती satya
satī truth, correct, sincere, faithful
faithful wife serba all, everything, complete सर्व sarva all or everything seru to call loudly श्रु śru to be heard sila base, courtesy, moral शील śīla habit, custom, usage, character, moral precept can mean cross-legged sitting or refined order singa lion सिंहः siṃha lion, breavest, king, ruler singgasana throne सिंहासन siṃhāsana the lion throne Lion is allusion to king. siswa (school) student शिष्यः śiṣyah student for tertiary education student, see mahasiswa. sri title for king श्री śrī 1. Prefix to the names,
2. Fortune, prosperity, success, thriving,
3. Light stupa stupa स्तूप stūpa heap, a pile of earth suami husband स्वामि svāmī master, lord, husband suara sound स्वर svara sound, voice, accent, musical tone or note suci clean, holy शुचि śuci clean, pure, correct suka like, happy सुख sukha easy, pleasant, comfortable, happy sukma soul सूक्ष्म sūkṣma subtle, atomic sundal[5] indecent, whore, prostitute, harlot शुण्डा zunda[6] prostitute, harlot sunyi quiet (situation) शून्य śūnya zero, nothing surga heaven स्वर्ग svarga heaven surya sun (poetic), solar सूर्य sūrya Surya, Hindu sun god susila modesty, appropriate सुशील suśīla good character swa- (b.m.) do something by oneself स्व sva- self, own tali rope, string talli tapa asceticism, meditation, self-discipline तप tapa tapas tata order, to arrange तथा tathā thus, in that manner tri- (b.m.) three (cardinal) त्रि tri three udara air उदार udāra rising fog or vapour, raising, sublime unta camel उष्ट्र uṣṭra camel upacara ceremony उपचार upacāra ceremony, religious ritual usaha effort उत्साह utsāha effort, thread, happiness, firmness usia age आयुष āyuṣa life-span utama ultimate, the most important, foremost उत्तम uttama upmost, highest, first or best utara north उत्तर uttara north wacana verbal communication, conversation वचन vacana speech wadah container आधारः ādhāraḥ container wahana ride, vehicle वहन vahana conducting, carrying, bearing wana forest (poetic) वन vana forest wangsa dynasty, royal house वंश vaṁśa lineage wanita woman, lady वनिता vanitā wife, woman warga 1. members of family, society, etc.,
2. social stratification (uncommon) वर्ग varga class, tribe, club warna colour वर्ण varṇa colour warta news वार्ता varta news see berita. warta berita news broadcast वार्ता varta news wibawa 1. authority, influence,
2. power विभवः vibhavaḥ power widyaiswara teacher विद्या
ईश्वर vidya
īshvara learning
master wihara Buddhist Temple विहार vihāra Buddha or Jaina convent see biara. wira hero, brave वीर vīra heroic, brave wisesa supreme leader, supreme power विशेष viśēṣa excellence, superiority wreda, werda 1. old age, geriatric
2. experienced वृद्ध vṛddha 1. old,
2. wise yoga Yoga योगः yoga Yoga yudha war, battle (poetic) युद्ध yuddha battle From Pali

Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.

Indonesian Word Indonesian Meaning Pali Word Pali Transcription Pali Meaning Note belanja shopping, expense वलञ्ज valañja that which is spent or secreted biku bhikkhu (classical) भिक्खु bhikkhu beggar, bhikkhu see also biksu from Sanskrit. bikuni bhikkhuni (classical) भिक्खुणी bhikkhuṇī beggar, bhikkhuni see also biksuni from Sanskrit. dana allocated money धन dhana treasure dana donation, funds दान dāna giving, liberality; offering, alms cognate of Sanskrit दान (dāna). duka sadness दुक्ख dukkha stress; suffering; pain; distress; discontent mara calamity मार māra mara (demon) cognate of Sanskrit मार (māra). merana sick, sadness मारण māraṇa killing, slaughter, murder cognate of Sanskrit मारण (māraṇa). loba greed लोभ lobha greed; passion; unskillful desire. percaya believe परिचय paricaya familiarity cognate of Sanskrit प्रत्ययः (pratyayaḥ) raga (physical) body राग rāga lust; greed From Hindi

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-Germanic or Indo-European language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the New Indo-Aryan subgroup.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Hindi
Word Hindi
Transcription Hindi
Meaning Note abaimana anus, genital अपमान्य apamānya disreputable, dishonourable acar pickles अचार achaar pickles antari cloth अंतरीय antarīya under garment gari, argari handcuffs हाथकड़ी hath-kaṛī hand+link ayah (Malaysia) Indian female housemaid आया āyā ayah, nanny bahana 1. loud sound (n.),
2. great, bright (adj.) भनक bhanak a low or distant sound, hum, buzz, ring हनना hannā to speak, to break silence bakdul rein बागडोर bāgḍor rein banglo perforated crates to keep the fish in the dam area banglā bangsal ward, shed, public building भनसाल bhansāl storehouse, magazine, granary see भण्डसाल (bhanḍsāl) < भण्डसार (bhaṇḍasāra) storehouse, magazine, granary barua procuress bhaṛuā basi stale, spoilt बासी bāsī stale, rancid bel bell bel belati dagger विलायती vilāyatī foreign bendahari, bendari female trasurer भंडारी bhaṇḍārī store keeper bendi two-wheeled cart bhinḍī benian बनियान baniyān under garment, vest beta I (first-person pronoun) (classical, Moluccas) बेटा beṭā son bêti proof beṭī bi aunt bī cacar pox (disease) चेचक cecak pox (disease) cakela brothel, whorehouse (archaic) चकला caklā brothel, whorehouse candu opium चण्डू caṇḍū opium from Sanskrit चण्ड+उकः cap stamp ?
छापा chāp
ṭhappā ?
stamp capal leather sandal चप्पल cappal slipper celana pants, trousers चोलना ćolnā short breeches, reaching half-way down the thighs cempa campā ceri cherry (Muntingia calabura) curī ceteri tent (in boat) (arch.) छत्री ćhatrī covering, canopy Sanskrit tadbhava word छत्रिका cindai flowery silk cunrī coli (arch.) colī culim smoking pipe चिलम cilam smoking pipe see also chillum cura funny churā curi steal चूरी
चोरी ćūrī
corī steal cuti leave छुट्टी chuṭṭī leave dal bean दाल dāl dried, split pulses see dal. dam check (pattern) दाम dām net, snare dandi a kind of musical instrument डोंडी ḍoṅḍī small kettle-drum Sanskrit tadbahva दुन्दुभी dera lash durrā to whip dian small lamp दिया dīyā light, lamp, lantern dobi laundry worker धोबी dhobī laundry worker (male) dol 1. indian drum,
2. mast ढोल ḍhol dhol डोल ḍol mast probably from Arabic دلو (dalw) duhai an interjection word दुहाई duhāī cry for help duli dust; foot; honorary word for official, nobility, or king डोली ḍolī a kind of sedan see also paduka. dura far दूर dūr far gajus cashew (Anacardium occidentale) दूर kājū cashew (Anacardium occidentale) possibly from Tupian acajú through Portuguese caju gala-gala small bee gūgal ganda small bee gāna ganja Cannabis sativa गांझा gāṅjhā Cannabis sativa probably from Sanskrit गृञ्ज+कः, or गृञ्जनकः gap 1. sound of slapping on a table.
2 sound of heartbeat. gap the sound made by a blow, or in swallowing geleca cake (arch.) gālīcā guli marbles गोली golī ball from Sanskrit गोल+इका gusar angry g̠uṣṣa choking, anger from Arabic غصة, from. غصّ 'to be choked' From Tamil

Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.

Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE–897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.

Indonesian Word Indonesian Meaning Tamil Word Tamil Transliteration Tamil Meaning Note acaram 1. ring,
2. earnest money அச்சகாரம் accāram earnest money acu mould, model அச்சு accu mould andai if, suppose அண்டை aṇṭai near, support apam kind of cake அப்பம் appam appam, rice cake, bread pastery badai storm வாடை vāṭai wind, north wind bagai sort of வகை vakai kind, sort baji wedge வசி vaci cleft, point, edge banci adze வாய்ச்சி vāycci adze, instrument for cutting the surface of bricks banian, benian jewelry box வணிகம் vaṇikaṃ trademan, merchant basi 1. commission, fee
2. overtime or extra pay
3. reduction (in price), discount வாசி vāci 1. difference
2. rate, as of interest; portion
3. discount, in changing money batil copper bowl, plate, tray வட்டில் vaṭṭil a brass tray, a platter; basket bedil gun, rifle வெடி veṭi explosion, as of gun via Javanese bedhil belaka entirely, only, merely வணிகம் vilaku to deviate from; to go astray; to err; ? belenggu fetters, handcuffs, thumbcuffs விலாங்கு vilāṅku eel ? benara laundryman வண்ணான் vaṇṇāṉ washerman bicu lever வீச்சு vīccu blow, stroke biram 1. elephant,
2. double-headed snake,
3. red வேழம் vēḻam elephant canai grindstone சாணை cāṇai-k-kal grindstone cemeti whip சம்மட்டி cammaṭṭi 1. (horse-)whip,
2. large hammer cerpelai mongoose (Herpestes sp.) கீரிப்பிள்ளை kīri-p-piḷḷai common Indian mungoose, Indian ichneumon, Herpestes mungo cerpu leather sandals (terompah-like) செருப்பு ceruppu leather sandals, slippers, shoes cerutu, serutu cigar சுருட்டு curuṭṭu 1. curling, coiling;
2. cigar ceti money lender செட்டி ceṭṭi mercantile caste, traders from Prakrit sēṭṭišrēṣṭhin cukai excise tax, custom சுங்கம் cuṅkam duty on goods, customs, tolls from Prakrit šuṅkašulka cuku dried gambier roots சுக்கு cukku dried ginger culiah specific customer சோழியன் cōḻiyaṉ title of certain sub-castes of Brahmins, Vēḷāḷas, etc. cuma only, no others சும்மா cummā leisurely, without any occupation or work ? dendam revenge, grudge, resentment தெண்டம் teṇṭam punishment, penalty gembala shepherd gō-pālan *? gudang warehouse கிடங்கு kiṭaṅku warehouse, storehouse loanword from Malay gaḍong. gula sugar குளம் kuḷam sugar *? gulai kind of curry குலை gulai *? gundu marbles குண்டு kuṇṭu ball; anything globular and heavy gurindam two lines rhyme கிரந்தம் antam 1. book, treatise
2. A verse or prose containing 32 syllables, šlōka from grantha. helai sheet இலை ilai leaf, petal idam craving, desire இட்டம் iṭṭam 1. desire, wish, inclination of mind, will
2. love, attachment ikat to tie கட்டு kaṭṭu to tie, bind, fasten, shackle jodoh, joli mate, partner சோடி cōṭi couple, pair loanword from Hind. jōḍi. joli royal sedan டோலி ṭōli a kind of sedan loanword from Hind. ḍōlā. kalam writing tool கலம் kalam Vessel; hollow utensil; Bottle-shaped vessel; Document written on palm-leaf kambi wooden frames to strengthen the edges of doors கம்பி kampi wall plate kapal boat கப்பல் kappal ship, sailing vessel kari curry கறி kaṟi curry karpai bullet container கரி kari the hard part of timber kata to say, word காதை kaṭai 1. (to tell) story, narrative
2. word, term
3. to speak katai, katik small, short கடை kaṭṭai short, low, dwarfish
defect, deficiency katelum bastion கொத்தளம் kottalam part of a rampart, bastion, defensive erection on the top of a rampart from Pāli koṭṭhaka kati a measure of weight = 6¼ ons கட்டி kaṭṭi a measure of weight = 25 palams katik 1. Paspalum scrobiculatum,
2. Treron curvirostra,
3. area measurement (of land or field) கட்டை kaṭṭai mile katil bed கட்டில் kaṭṭil 1. cot, bedstead, couch, sofa,
2. Throne kawal guard, escourt காவல் kāval defence, protection, watchman, guard kedai foodstall கடை kaṭai bazaar, shop, market kedelai Glycine max கடலை kaṭalai Cicer arietinum, Melastoma malabaricum Kanarese, Travancore usage kaḍale, Malayalam kaḍala kelam dark களம் kaḷam blackness, dark colour; cloud keledai Equus asinus கழுதை kaḻutai Equus asinus ketumbar Coriandrum sativum கொத்தமல்லி kottamalli Coriandrum sativum from Sanskrit कुस्तुम्बुरु (kustumburu) kodi twenty units கோடி kōṭi 1. Crore, ten millions,
2. large number kolam pool, pond, basin, tank குளம் kuḷam tank, pond, reservoir, lake konde, kundai dressing of hair in large coil on the head கொண்டை koṇṭai tuft, dressing of hair in large coil on the head related to Telugu koṇḍe, Kanarese Travancore goṇḍe, Malayalam koṇṭa korundum natural Aluminum oxide குருந்தம் kuruntam corundum, emery kota city கோட்டம் kōṭṭam city kudai basket made of rattan கூடை kūṭai basket made of rattan, ola or bamboo kuil temple கோயில் kōyil 1. Palace,
2. Temple, Sanctuary kulai limp குலை kulai to untie, loosen, dishevel kuli physical worker கூலி kūli 1. wages, pay;
2. fare, hire, freight kundi clay craftsman kuṉṟi ? kutu trade union கூட்டாளி kūṭṭāḷi associate, companion (trade) ? ladam horseshoe லாடம் lāṭam horseshoe lebai mosque employees லப்பை lappai Tamil-speaking Muhammadans logam metal உலோகம் ulōkam metal from lōha metal madali a musical instrument மத்தளம் mattaḷam a kind of drum malai strands மாலை mālai anything strung together maligai royal chamber in palace மாளிகை māḷikai top floor of a storied building ? mamak māmā ? mami māmi mangga mango மாங்காய் māṅkāy mango manik beads maṇi manikam diamond மாணிக்கம் māṇikkam gem, precious stone merikan, marikan clothes from America மரிக்கன் marikkaṉ from America maru disturbing ghost மாற்று māṟṟu to change, alter
to conceal, hide
to shift; to transfer, as from a place matu grade of gold மாற்று māṟṟu degree of fineness of gold or silver mempelam mango மாம்பழம் mā-m-paḻam mango fruit merunggai Moringa oleifera முருங்கை muruṅkai Moringa pterygosperma metai bed மெத்தை mettai bed, cushion meterai seal, stamp முத்திரை muttirai 1. impress, mark
2. seal, signet
3. stamp, as for postage, for court fees misai mustache மீசை mīcai 1. upper part,
2. cf. šmašru. moustache modal capital, stock முதல் mutal 1. beginning
2. principal, fund, capital, money yielding interest
3. stock, store mundam large tub for royal bathing முந்தை muntai small vessel mutu 1. quality, purity of gold
2. sad
3. In pinch (chess) முட்டு muttu difficulty, as in passing,
hindrance, obstacle, impediment nali volume unit =16 gantang =1/50 koyan நாழி nāḻi tubularity; tube,
a measure of capacity, =8 ollocks related to nāḍi nelayan fisherman ?
நுளையன், கரையான், வலையன், வலைஞன் neḻiyaṉ,
nuḷaiyaṉ, karaiyāṉ, valaiyaṉ, valaiñaṉ, fisher(man) nila indigo நீல nila blue, black, common indigo, blue nelumbo nilai value நிலை nilai standing
character, quality, temper, nature nilakandi indigo (color, stone): blue vitriol நீலகண்டன் nīla-kaṇṭaṉ blue vitriol nilam Pycnonotus aurigaster
Pogostemon cablin நீலம் nīlam blue, azure or purple colour ondé-ondé jian dui உண்டை uṇṭai ball, globe, sphere; anything round or globular panai wooden tray பானை pāṉai 1. large earthen pot or vessel
2. measure of capacity
3. oil measure = 4 cempu pancalogam mixture of five (many) metals பஞ்சலோகம் pañcalōkam 1. The five kinds of metal, poṉ, irumpu, cempu, īyam, veḷḷi;
2. Amalgam of the five metals pandam resin (in the grip of keris) பண்டம் pantam 1. substance, material, utensils.
2. belly, body from bhāṇḍa pandu guide பந்து pantu relation, kinsman from bandhu. patam, petam ornament, jewelry பட்டம் paṭṭam plate of gold worn on the forehead, as an ornament or badge of distinction petaram, pateram small keris used by women பத்திரம் pattiram beauty, grace
caution, carefulness
safety, security pawai 1. parade, procession
2. royal equipments பவனி pavaṉi parade pelbagai various 1. பல
2. வகை 1. pala
2. vakai 1. many
2. division, class, manner, way, nature, goods, places, detail perisai shield பரிசை paricai 1. shield, buckler (come from phara)
2. large umbrella, as a badge of honour perli satire, mockery புரளி puraḷi 1. Lying, falsehood;
2. Mischief, waggishness;
3. Quarrel, wrangle, broil; peti chest, box பெட்டி peṭṭi chest, trunk, coffer, box pitam headache, dizziness பித்தம்
பித்தம் pittam
pitta lunacy, madness
dizziness puadai red carpet பாவாடை pāvāṭai red carpet pualam marble பவளம் pavaḷam red coral pudi small diamond பொடி poṭi small gem putu kue putu புட்டு puṭṭu puttu ragam various ராகம் (i)rākam desire, color, redness, music roti bread ரொட்டி roṭṭi bread, wheaten cake sambal sambal சம்பாரம் campāram spicy condiments, curry stuff 1. from Sanskrit सम्बार (sambāra) 'spices'.
2. related to sambar (சாம்பார் cāmpār) satai, saté satay சதை catai flesh sedelinggam red paint material சாதிலிங்கம் cātiliṅkam cermilion, red sulphurate of mercury sekutu alliance கூட்டுறவு kūṭṭuṟavu friendship, alliance prefix se- means one senam calisthenics சானம்
சனம்
cāṇam
caṉam meditation (dhyāna)
people, crowd, herd sengketa to dispute ஸங்கடம் saṅkaṭam trouble senar string நார் nār string, cord prefix se- means one talam tray without feet தாலம் tālam 1. eating- plate, porringer, usually of metal.
2. Salver tatak tray தட்டு, தட்டல் taṭṭu, taṭṭal tray tali rope தளை taḷai cord, rope tambi 1. younger brother (Indian)
2. helper தம்பி tampi younger brother (Indian) tandil overseer தண்டல் taṇṭal tax-collector tandu palanquin தண்டு taṇṭu pole of a palanquin or other vehicle tembaga copper செம்பு cempu copper, gold, metal vessel teman friend தமன் tamaṉ friend (male) terusi, tursi blue vitriol துருசு turucu blue vitriol tirai curtain திரை tirai curtain tolan friend தோழன் tōlan friend (male) topi hat தொப்பி toppi cap tunai cash துணை tuṇai measure, extent, degree, quantity, number ? Wéda Vēdas வேதம் vētam Vēdas

From Middle Eastern languages

From Arabic

The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as 'Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus. Psalms used to be translated as Zabur, the Arabic name, but now it is called Mazmur which corresponds more with Hebrew.

Word Meaning Original word Transcription, notes abdi servant عَبْد ʻabd adab civilize, proper أَدَب adab adat custom عادة ʻāda ahad Sunday (Islamic) الأحد al-ahad ajaib magical عجائب ʻajāʼīb akad contract, promise عَقْد ʻaqd akal reason عَقْل ʻaql akhir end آخِر ʼākhir akhirat hereafter آخِرة ākhira akhlak character, nature (of person) أَخْلاق akhlāq alam nature عالَم ʻālam: world, earth alami natural عالَميّ ʻālamiyy aljabar algebra الجَبْر al-jabr amal alms giving, good deed عَمَل ʻamal: work aman safe, secure أمان ʼamān anda you (formal) أَنْتَ anta asal origin أَصْل ʼaṣl asas foundation, basis أَساس ʼasās asasi foundational, basic أَساسيّ ʼasāsiyy asli real, original أَصْليّ ʼaṣliyy awal beginning أَوَّل ʼawwal badan body بَدَن badan bahari maritime, naval, of the sea بَحْريّ baḥriyy batin inner self بَطْن baṭn: stomach berkah, berkat blessing بَرَكة baraka daftar list دَفْتَر daftar: notebook dakwah sermon دَعْوة da'wa dunia world دُنْيا dunyā fa poor person, pauper فَقير faqīr hadiah gift, present هدية hadiyyah halal religiously lawful حَلال ḥalāl hak right حَقّ ḥaqq hakikat truth, base حَقيقة ḥaqīqa hakiki true, real حَقيقيّ ḥaqīqiyy hakim judge (in court of law) حاكِم ḥākim haram religiously unlawful حَرام ḥarām harfiah literal حِرَفيّ ḥirafiyy hayati living حَياتيّ ḥayātiyy hewan animal حَيَوان ḥayawān hikmah wisdom, deeper meaning حِكْمة ḥikma hukum law حُكْم ḥukm huruf letter (of an alphabet) حُروف ḥurūf ijazah diploma إجازة ʼijāza: license ikhlas sincere مخلَص mukhlāṣ ikrar pledge, declaration إقْرار ʼiqrār ilmiah scientific عِلْميّ ʻilmiyy ilmu knowledge, science عِلْم ʻilm istirahat rest, break, pause, recess اسْتَراحة istarāḥa izin permission, to permit إذْن ʼidhn jadwal schedule جَدْوَل jadwal jahanam cursed, damned جَهَنَّم jahannam: hell jahil prank, practical joke جاهِل jāhil: ignorant, uninformed jawab answer جَواب jawāb jenazah corpse جَنازة janāza: funeral jilbab hijab, head covering جلباب jilbāb: loose coat Jumat Friday الجُمْعة al-jumʻa kabar news خَبَر khabar kafan white shroud (to cover the dead) كَفَن kafan kafir infidel كافِر kāfir Kamis Thursday الخَميس al-khamīs kamus dictionary قاموس qāmūs kertas paper قِرْطاس qirṭās khas specialty خاصّ khāṣṣ khitan circumcision خِتان khitān khusus special, particular خصوص khuṣūṣ kitab religious book كِتاب kitāb korban sacrifice قُرْبان qurbān kuliah college كُلّيّة kulliyya: faculty kurma date palm كَرْمة karma: grapevine kursi chair كُرْسيّ kursiyy kurun span (of time) قُرون qurūn: centuries lahir to be born; physical, external, outer ظاهر ẓāhir laskar soldier العَسْكَر al-ʻaskar lisan verbally, tongue لِسان lisān maaf sorry, to apologise ما أَفَّ ma affa mahkamah court of law مَحْكَمة maḥkama majelis assembly, board, council مَجْلِس majlis makna meaning مَعْنًى maʻnan maksud meaning, purpose مَقْصود maqsūd maktub written مَكْتوب maktūb malaikat angel مَلائكة malāʼika masalah problem مَسْأَلة masʼala masjid mosque مَسْجِد masjid maut dead, deadly مَوْت mawt menara tower مَنارة manāra Mesir Egypt مِصْر miṣr miskin poor مِسْكين miskīn mubazir useless مُبَذِّر mubaḏḏir muflis bankrupt مُفْلِس muflis mungkin maybe مُمْكِن mumkin munafik hypocrite مُنافِق munāfiq murtad apostate مُرْتَدّ murtadd musim season مَوْسِم mawsim mustahil impossible مُسْتَحيل mustaḥīl nabi prophet نَبيّ nabiiy nafsu desire نَفْس nafs: self, soul najis impure, unclean نَجِس najis nasihat advice نَصيحة naṣīḥa nikah to marry نيكَ niika paham to understand فَهْم fahm petuah lesson, advice فَتْوى fatwā pi to think فِكْر fikr Rabu Wednesday الأَرْبِعاء al-ʼarbiʻāʼ rahim uterus, womb رَحِم raḥim rahmat blessing رَحْمة raḥma rakyat people, citizen رَعيّة raʻiyya rasul prophet, apostle رَسول rasūl rehat, rihat rest راحة rāḥa saat moment ساعة sāʻa: hour sabar patient صَبْر ṣabr Sabtu Saturday السَبْت as-sabt sabun soap صابون ṣābūn sahabat close friend صَحابة ṣaḥāba salat to pray (for Muslims) صَلاة ṣalāh saleh pious صالِح ṣāliḥ salju snow ثَلْج thalj saum fasting صَوْم ṣawm sebab cause, reason سَبَب sabab sedekah charitable gift, alms صَدَقة ṣadaqa sehat healthy صِحّة ṣiḥḥa selamat safe, well-being سَلامة salāma Selasa Tuesday الثُلاثاء ath-thulāthāʼ Senin Monday الإثْنَيْن al-ithnayn serikat company, federation شَرِكَة syarika siasat strategy, trick سِياسة siyāsa: policy, strategy sifat characteristic, trait, quality صِفة ṣifa soal question, problem سُؤال suʼāl subuh early morning صباح ṣabāḥ sultan king سلطان sultan syariat Islamic law شَريعة sharīʻa syukur gratitude شُكْر shukr taat obedient طاعة ṭāʿa tabib traditional healer طَبيب ṭabīb terjemah to translate تَرْجَمة tarjama tertib orderly تَرْتيب tartīb umum common, public عُموم ʻumūm umur age عُمْر ʻumr unsur element عُنْصُر ʻunṣur wahid one, the only واحِد wāḥid wajah face وَجْه wajh waktu time وَقْت waqt waris to inherit وارِث wārith wilayah region, area وِلاية wilāya yakin confidence, sureness, belief يَقين yaqīn zaitun olive زَيْتون zaytūn zakar male genitalia ذَكَر dhakar zakat alms زَكاة zakāh zaman era زَمَن zaman zamrud emerald زُمُرُّد zumurrud ziarah pilgrimage زيارة ziyāra: visit zinah adultery زِناء zināʼ From Persian Word Meaning Original word Transcription, notes anggur grape انگور an-gur bandar port بندر bandar cadar veil چادر chādar dewan assembly, meeting دیوان divan (administration) firdaus eden, bountiful garden فردوس firdaus gandum wheat گندم gandum juang battle جنگ jang kaisar emperor قیصر qeysar kismis raisin کشمش kishmish kurma date خرما khurmā medan area, field, square مـیدان meidan nakhoda captain of a ship ناخدا nākhodā pahlawan hero پ‍ﮩ‍لوان pahlwān pasar market/bazaar بازار bāzār pesona charm افسون afsūn piala cup, trophy پیـاله pyāla (cup, bowl) pirus turquoise سنگ فیروزه firuze rubah fox روباه rubah sihir magic سِحْر sihr syahbandar portmaster شاهِ بندر shah-e bandar (lit. "king of the port") takhta throne تخت takht ustad teacher (religious, Islam) اُستَاذ ustad yunani Greece يونان yūnān zirah armor زره zirah From Hebrew Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Hebrew
Word Hebrew
Transliteration Hebrew
Meaning Note Ref bethel 1. holy place,
2. a Christian denomination בֵּיתאֵל beth.el house of God usually loan rendered as bait Allah (bait is a loanword from the cognate word بَيْت (bayt) in Arabic). haleluya alleluia, hallelujah הַלְּלוּיָהּ halleluya alleluia, hallelujah kibbutz kibbutz קִבּוּץ kibútz kibbutz mazmur psalms מזמור mizmor a lyric ode, or a song set to music see psalms. rabi rabbi רַבִּי rab.bi rabbi sabat shabbat שַׁבָּת shab.bat shabbat 1. see Shabbat and Sabbath.
2. see also sabtu, loanword from Arabic. Yahwe Yahweh יהוה *see note Yahweh 1. see Yahweh, Judeo-Christian God.
2. see also tetragrammaton.

From East Asian languages

From Chinese

The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine. Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu – knife), mie (T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī – noodles), lumpia (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) – springroll), teko (T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦　khu (bitter) and 力　li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 – meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家). Loan words in Indonesian with Chinese origins.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Chinese Character
(Traditional) Chinese Character
(Simplified) Chinese Variant Chinese Transliteration Chinese Meaning Note Ref acik, aci older women, such as older sister, aunt 阿姊 阿姊 Hakka â-chí, â-chè, â-che elder sister Min Nan a-chí, a-ché akeo son 阿哥 阿哥 Min Nan a-ko son amah Chinese female house-assistant 阿嫲 阿嫲 Cantonese aa3 maa4 paternal grandmother amoi Chinese girl 阿妹 阿妹 Hakka amoi younger sister amsiong broken, bad luck 暗傷 暗伤 Min Nan àm-siong 1. internal or invisible injury.
2. indiscernible damage angciu cooking wine used for food flavour enhancer 紅酒 红酒 Min Nan âng-chiú red wine angkak food coloring from rice fermentation by Monascus purpureus 紅麴 红曲 Min Nan âng-khak grains of red sticky rice (Oryza glutinosa), see also Monascus purpureus anglo small stove 洪爐 洪炉 Min Nan âng-lô͘ furnace anglung pavilion 紅樓 红楼 Min Nan âng-lô͘ red building perhaps related to "Dream of the Red Chamber" (紅樓夢, 红楼梦) angpau, angpao gift money for Chinese New Year 紅包 红包 Min Nan âng-pau red envelope see also loanword from Mandarin "hongbao". angsiau angsiau 紅燒 红烧 Min Nan âng-sio âng-sio type of cooking style in which fish or meat is braised in soy sauce apek addressing parent, mister 阿伯 阿伯 Hakka â-pak paternal uncle, old man see also empek auban bad person 拗蠻 拗蛮 Min Nan áu-bân stubborn, arrogant, brutal baba, babah addressing Chinese male 爸爸 爸爸 Mandarin bàba father bacang, bakcang glutinous rice dumpling filled with meat 肉糉 肉粽 Min Nan bak cang sticky rice dumpling batau mantou 麵頭 面头 Min Nan bán-thâu mantou bak (Chinese black) ink 墨 墨 Min Nan ba̍k 1. Chinese ink or ink in general,
2. black; ink-coloured; dark bakiak wooden clog 木屐 木屐 Min Nan ba̍k-kia̍h clog bakmie (meat) noodle 肉麵 肉面 Min Nan bah-mī meat noodle bakpao, bakpau bun 肉包 肉包 Min Nan bah-pâu meatbun bakpia bakpia 肉餅 肉餅 Min Nan bah-piáⁿ bakpia related to piáⁿ bakso meatball 肉球? 肉球? Min Nan bah-kiû Meatball baktau madam (of a brothel), procuress 媌頭 媌头 Min Nan bâ-thâu madam (of a brothel), procuress bakwan bakwan 肉丸 肉丸 Min Nan bah-oân ban ten thousand 萬 万 Min Nan bān ten thousand banci (Malaysia) census 民籍 民籍 Cantonese man4-zik6 census Min Nan bîn-chi̍p bangking A pomegranate-shaped container from brass or lacquer 網筐 网筐 Min Nan bǎng-kheng round lacquer box for storing clothes banji decorative grilles used in windows 卍字 卍字 Amoy bān jī swastika-like pattern in lattice work barongsai, baronsai Chinese lion dance 弄獅 弄狮 Min Nan lāng-sai lion dance becak, beca cycle rickshaw 馬車 马车 Min Nan bé-chhia horse-drawn carriage benteng defense building, defense wall 防城 防城 Min Nan hông sêng ? bihun rice vermicelli 米粉 米粉 Min Nan bí-hún 1. rice vermicelli
2. rice flour see also bihun bohsia (Malaysia) pleasure-loving girl 無聲 无声 Min Nan bô-siaⁿ pleasure-loving girl? noiseless; voiceless; silent boksu Chinese Christian pastor 牧師 牧师 Min Nan bo̍k-su pastor, minister, clergyman, priest, chaplain bokcoi bok choy 白菜 白菜 Cantonese baak6 coi3 bok choy see bok choy (Brassica rapa chinensis) Min Nan be̍h-chhài bolui moneyless 沒鐳 沒鐳 Min Nan bu̍t-lûi moneyless bong Chinese graveyard 墓 墓 Min Nan bōng tomb bongmeh to feel the pulse,
to feel the feeling 摸脈 摸脉 Min Nan bong-me̍h to feel the pulse bongpai gravestone 墓碑 墓碑 Min Nan bōng-pi grave stele bopeng pockmarked 麻斑 麻斑 Min Nan bâ-pan pockmarked bopok 1. heavyly damaged,
2. too frail 無卜 无卜 Min Nan bô-pok not going to; will not boto beautiful (Jakarta) 無醜 无丑 Min Nan bô-thiú not ugly bungkuk slouch, gibbous 隱痀 隐痀 Min Nan ún-ku bun small brass box 文 文 Min Nan bûn to cover ca Cuisine made from a mixture of meat (shrimp) and vegetables (mushrooms, petai, broccoli, bamboo shoots, cauliflower), little broth and starch 炒 炒 Hokkien
Teochew chhá
ca2 to stir fry, to sauté cabo (Jakarta) prostitute, whore (woman) 查某 查某 Min Nan cha-bó͘ woman, girl caima nuns in the temple who served to help the dead 菜媽 菜马 Min Nan chhài-má vegetarian nun, or woman caisim Green mustard, Brassica chinensis 菜心 菜心 Min Nan chhài-sim Choy sum cakiak wooden clog 柴屐 柴屐 Min Nan chhâ-kia̍h wooden clog calo passenger recruiter, ticket scalper
broker 查佬 查佬 Cantonese caa4-lou2,lou5,liu4 man who guides passengers to bus or train for payment, broker calui like to eat money (like to accept bribes or bribe) 食鐳 食镭 Min Nan chia̍h-lûi, chiā-lûi to take bribes camca teaspoon 茶勺 茶勺 Min Nan chhâ-chiak teaspoon cang snacks made from glutinous sticky rice, chopped meat, wrapped with bamboo leaves and steamed (tasty savory) 糉
粽 粽 Min Nan chàng zongzi cah vegetable dishes (mustard greens, mushrooms, shrimp, chicken liver, and so on) are a little juicy 炒 炒 Min Nan chhá
ca2 to stir fry, to sauté cap ten 十 十 Min Nan cha̍p ten cap cai stir fried vegetable dish 杂菜 杂菜 Min Nan cha̍p-chhài mixed vegetables capgome lantern festival, part of Chinese new year 十五暝 十五冥 Min Nan cha̍p-gō͘-mê
cha̍p-gǒ͘-mê lantern festival, part of Chinese new year capjiki lottery twelve numbers (letters) 十二枝 十二枝 Min Nan cha̍p-jī-ki cat paint 漆 漆 Min Nan chhat 1. varnish, lacquer, paint
2. varnish tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) catut 1. tweezers.
2. tongs, pincers.
3. black marketer, scalper, corrupter. 查突 查突 Min Nan châ-tu̍t man who guides passengers to bus or train for payment, broker cau leave, bye 走 走 Min Nan cháu, chó͘, chó to go, to leave cawan cup 茶碗 茶碗 Mandarin cháwǎn teacup ceban ten thousand 一萬 一万 Min Nan chi̍t-bān ten thousand cece great-grandchildren ceceng one thousand 一千 一千 Min Nan chi̍t-chheng one thousand cek elder sister 姐
姊 姐
姊 Min Nan ché elder sister cekak 1. size of circumference,
2. too small, not enough ceki gambling with small rectangular cards 一枝 一枝 Min Nan chi̍t-ki cemeh one eye blindness 睛盲 睛盲 Min Nan chhéng-mêe blind cempiang warrior, ace 舂柄 舂柄 Min Nan cheng-pèng gang, robber cengbeng tomb-sweeping day 清明 清明 Min Nan chheng-bêng qingming cengkau broker 成交 成交 Min Nan sêng-kau to close a deal; to conclude a transaction cengkeh banker (gambling) 莊家 莊家 Min Nan chong-kee 1. banker (gambling)
2. farmhouse cengli 1. should be, reasonable
2. fair, honest 情理 情理 Min Nan chêng-lí reasonable cepek one hundred 一百 一百 Min Nan chi̍t-pah one hundred cepeng half a cent 一爿 一爿 Min Nan chi̍t-pêng half a cent ci weight unit: 1/10 tahil (for opium) 錢 钱 Min Nan chîⁿ money; a measure of weight for opium ciaciu sitting party 餐桌 餐桌 Cantonese caan1 coek3 dining table ciak, cia to eat 食 食 Min Nan chiā to eat cialat misfortune 食力 食力 Min Nan chiā-lia̍k misfortune, bad luck; difficult ciami, ciamik extraordinarily good 食飽未? 食饱未? cici elder sister 姐姐 姐姐 Min Nan chiá-chiá elder sister cik elder sister 姐
姊 姐
姊 Min Nan ché elder sister cim, encim married Chinese woman 嬸 婶 Min Nan chím aunt (wife of father’s younger brother) cincai, cingcai flexible 凊彩 凊彩 Min Nan chhìn-chhái 1. any,
2. casual; easygoing cincau, camcao, cingcau Cyclea barbata, and its grass or leaves jelly product 仙草 仙草 Min Nan sian-chháu Chinese mesona (Platostoma palustre), and its grass jelly product cincu 1. ship owner representative,
2. ship captain 船主 船主 Min Nan chûn-chú shipowner cingge cingge, march of people 妝藝 妆艺 Min Nan chng-gē cingge ciu triple layer mat with gold decoration 蓆 蓆 Min Nan chhio̍h mat ciu, cu spirits, liquor 酒 酒 Min Nan chiú alcoholic drink ciut 1. narrow,
2. small-minded 窄 窄 Min Nan chiak, chek 1. narrow, tight
2. narrow-minded cokek Betawi folk dance 唱曲 唱曲 Min Nan chhiòⁿ-khek sing
song comblang (Jakarta) matchmaking 作媒人 作媒人 Min Nan chok-m̂-lâng matchmaker compoh ship chef 總舖 总铺 Min Nan chóng-phò͘ chef cong.ki xiangqi, the Chinese chess 象棋 象棋 Min Nan chhiōⁿ-kî xiangqi, the Chinese chess cua afraid, tremble 懼 惧 Min Nan kū 1. to fear; to be afraid,
2. to scare; to frighten cuki xiangqi, game like dam 象棋 象棋 Min Nan chhiǔⁿ-kî, chhiūⁿ-kî, chhiōⁿ-kî xiangqi cukin small drap covering the chest during meal 手巾 手巾 Min Nan chhiú-kin (hand) towel, handkerchief cukong tycoon 主公 主公 Min Nan chú-kong Your Excellency; His Excellency culan pacar cina (Aglaia odorata) 珠蘭 珠兰 Min Nan chu-lân cun length unit 1/10 feet 寸 寸 Min Nan chhùn cunia large boat for transporting goods 船仔 船仔 Min Nan chûn-á a boat dacin balance scale 檯秤 台秤 Min Nan tâi-chhèng platform scales dimsum dim sum 點心 点心 Cantonese dim2 sam1 1. snack, light refreshment,
2. dim sum ebi dried prawns, shrimps 蝦米 虾米 Min Nan hê-bí
hêe-bí dried prawns, shrimps see also ebi in Japanese empek father 阿伯 阿伯 Min Nan a-peh paternal uncle, old man see also, apek empo to carry on the waist 抱 抱 Min Nan phǒ͘, phō, phǒ 1. to heft in the arms; to carry
2. to hug; to embrace encek pure-blood Chinese man 阿叔 阿叔 Min Nan a-chek uncle (father's younger brother) engkah, kah sap (to attach wood), adhesive, glue 黃膠 黄胶 Min Nan n̂g-ka (yellow) glue, adhesive, gum, resin engkoh elder brother 阿哥 阿哥 Min Nan a-ko elder brother engkong grandfather 阿公 阿公 Min Nan a-kong paternal grandfather, maternal grandfather engku maternal uncle 阿舅 阿舅 Min Nan a-kū, a-kǔ maternal uncle esai can, may 會使 会使 Min Nan ē-sái, ē-saih, ě-sái can, may fengsui,
hongsui feng shui 風水 风水 Mandarin
Min Nan fēngshuǐ
hong-súi feng shui gua I (slang) 我 我 Min Nan góa I (first person, singular) gincu 1. lipstick,
2. (cake, cookie) coloring 銀硃
銀朱 银朱 Min Nan gîn-chu ginkang body movement mastery through inner power 輕功 轻功 Min Nan khin-kang gingseng Pandare aralia ginseng 人參
人蔘 人参 Min Nan jîn-song ginseng (Panax sp.) giok (batu giok) jade 玉 玉 Min Nan gio̍k 1. jade (originally nephrite, now also including jadeite),
2. precious stone; gem,
3. pure; beautiful giwang earring 耳環 耳环 Hakka ngí-vàn earring gobang, benggol copper money with value 2.5 cent 五半 五半 Min Nan gō͘, gǒ͘, ngó͘, gó͘-
pòaⁿ, poàn gocap fifty 五十 五十 Min Nan gǒ͘-cha̍p
gō͘-cha̍p gongli girl who prostitutes herself for pleasure solely without fee 戇女 戆女 Min Nan gōng-lí stupid; foolish; simple; simple-minded + woman gong xi fat cai 恭喜發財 恭喜发财 Mandarin gōngxǐfācái A Chinese new year greeting, literally "congratulations and be prosperous". gopek five hundred 五百 五百 Min Nan
Hakka gō͘-pah, gǒ͘-pah
ńg-pak five hundred gotun five 五百 五百 Min Nan gō͘-tún, gǒ͘-tún five shield
five (money) money in this case refers to đồng, guilder, gulden, or rupiah guci shiny-coated pitchers 罐子 罐子 Min Nan
Cantonese koàn-chí
gun3 zi2 small jar guo nian hao Mandarin A Chinese new year greeting. haisom sea cucumber 海參
海蔘 海参 Min Nan hái-som sea cucumber hap tin receptacle for prepared opium 盒 盒 Hokkien
Teochew
Cantonese ha̍p,a̍h,a̍p
ab8
hap6,hap6-2,haap6 (small) box; case hia baru cina (Artemisia vulgaris) 艾 艾 Min Nan hiāⁿ artemisia, mugwort hio joss stick, Chinese incense 香 香 Min Nan hioⁿ 1. fragrant; fragrance, perfume
2. joss stick; incense hisit shark fin 魚翅 鱼翅 Min Nan hî-chhì shark fin hengkang 1. retreat,
2. escape 解間? 解间? -kan, -gang1 hoana non-Han 番仔 番仔 Min Nan hoan-á non-Han hoki luck, fortune 福氣 福气 Min Nan hok-khì good fortune honcoe tobacco, opium pipe 煙吹
菸吹 烟吹 Min Nan ian-chhoe tobacco, opium pipe honghouw queen 王后 王后 Min Nan
Hakka
Cantonese ông-hō͘
vông-heu
wong5 hau6 queen consort hongbao gift money for Chinese New Year 紅包 红包 Mandarin hóngbāo red envelope see also loanword from Min Nan "angpau". Hokkian, Hokkien Fujian 福建 福建 Min Nan hok-kiàn Fujian see also fuk-kian, fuk-kien (Hakka) and fújiàn (Mandarin) Hongkong, Hong Kong Hong Kong 香港 香港 Cantonese
Hakka
Min Nan
Min Nan hoeng1 gong2
hiông-kóng
hiong-káng,
hiang-káng hong kong hopeng trusted relation 好朋友 好朋友 Min Nan
Hakka hó-pêng-iú
hó-phèn-yû good friend Honji Chinese characters, Han characters 漢字 汉字 Cantonese
Min Nan
Hakka
Mandarin hon-jih, hon3 zi6
hàn-jī, hàn-lī
hon55 sii55, hon-sṳ
hànzì Chinese characters, Han characters huakiau, hoakiau overseas Chinese 華僑 华侨 Min Nan hôa-kiâu, hoa-kiâu overseas Chinese hujin, hunjin contribution money 分銀 分银 Min Nan hùn-gîn part, responsibility + money hun weight measurement unit 1/100 taels = 0,378 g 分 分 Min Nan hun minute see Chinese units of measurement hunkue mung bean (Vigna radiata) flour, and its pastery 粉粿 粉粿 Min Nan hún-kóe, hún-ké fun guo hwahwee Chinese association 華會 华会 Min Nan hôa-hōe Chinese association see Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan (THHK), Chung Hwa Hwee Koan, (中华会馆) hwee association 會 会 Min Nan hōe association imlek Chinese lunar calendar 陰曆 阴历 Min Nan im-le̍k, im-lia̍k (Chinese) lunar calendar incar drill (for boring holes) 引插 引插 Min Nan íⁿ, ín
chhah, chhap to pull, to lead + to insert jelangkung, jailangkung doll for spirit calling 伽籃公 伽篮公 Min Nan
Hakka ch’ai-lâm-kong
kia làm kûng jepang Japan 日本 日本 Min Nan ji̍t-pńg Japan jepun (archaic, Malaysia) Japan ji̍t-pún ji two 二 二 Min Nan jī two jibun many 十分 十分 Min Nan si̍p-hun very, extremely, (lit. part of tenth) jicap twenty 二十 二十 Min Nan jī-cha̍p twenty jicapgo twenty five 二十五 二十五 Min Nan jī-cha̍p-gō͘ twenty five jicing opium dust 煙燼
菸燼 烟烬 Cantonese jin1
zeon2, zeon6 smoke, tobacco, opium
cinders, ashes, embers jinsom ginseng, root preparation 人參
人蔘 人参 Min Nan jîn-song ginseng (Panax sp.) jintan Carum roxburghianum 仁丹 仁丹 Min Nan jîn-tan ? jitu accurate, precise 得著 得着 Min Nan tit-tio̍h 1. to get, to obtain, to receive
2. something gained (usually intangible) ? jok seat, padded seating 褥 褥 Min Nan
Cantonese jio̍k
juk6 1. cotton-padded mattress, mattress, cushion
2. bedding juhi dried squid 鰇魚 鰇魚 Min Nan jiû-hî squid jung boat, Chinese junk 船 船 Hokkien
Teochew chûn, soân
zung5 boat, Chinese junk kakak older sibling
addressing someone slightly older 哥哥 哥哥 Min Nan koko older brother, elder brother, big brother kaleng tin, can kalo strainer 過濾 过滤 Min Nan kè-lū to filter kampuh covering 蓋布
蓋佈 盖布 Min Nan kah-pò͘ to put on, to apply,
cloth; textiles kamsia to thank, to be grateful, to be appreciative 感謝 感谢 Min Nan kám-siā to thank, to be grateful, to be appreciative kana 1. preserved olives
2. bunga tasbih (Canna oriantalis) 橄欖 橄榄 Min Nan káⁿ-ná, kaⁿ-ná, kán-ná, kan-ná Chinese olive (Canarium album), which is dried or candied, or are eaten (the nuts) kang a large wide-mouthed bathing-jar 缸 缸 Min Nan kong, kng earthen jug, crock, cistern kangka gambier (Uncaria gambir) plantation kangtau unexpected fortune, opportunity 空頭 空头 Min Nan khang-thâu 1. nominal; phony
2. (stock exchange) bear, shorts kantong pocket kau nine 九 九 Min Nan káu nine kau dog 狗 狗 Min Nan káu dog kecap soy sauce 茄汁 茄汁 Cantonese ke4-2 zap1 1. tomato juice
2. ketchup ketchup is saus tomat, not kecap kecoak (Jakarta) cockroach 虼蚻 虼蚻 Min Nan ka-choa̍h, kǎ-choa̍h, ka-chōa cockroach kelong large sea fish trap with two or three compartments 雞籠, 鷄籠 鸡笼 Min Nan kelông, kelóng batteries (cages for hen) kemoceng feather duster 雞毛筅
鷄毛筅 鷄毛鸡 Min Nan ke-mo͘ -chhéng, ke-mô͘-chhéng chicken+ feather+ brush kenceng drill worked with a bow 弓鑽 弓钻 Min Nan keng-chǹg bow+drill kerangkeng cage 空間 -间 Min Nan khang-keng empty room kiaupau population 僑胞 侨胞 Min Nan kiâu-pau countryman living abroad, overseas compatriots kimantu pure-blood Chinese 飢滿肚 饥满肚 Hakka
Min Nan kî mân tú
ki-móa-tǒ͘ kimlo soup vegetable with meat 金爐 金炉 Min Nan kîm-lù kin a unit of weight, catty; = 16 niún (= 600 gms) 斤 斤 Min Nan kin catty, a unit of weight kio stretcher 轎 轿 Min Nan kiō palanquin, litter kipsiau teapot 急燒 急燒 Min Nan kip-siau quick heat kiwi supercargo, guest in ship 客位 客位 Min Nan kheeh-ūi guest+position klenteng Chinese folk religion temple 觀音亭 觀音亭 Min Nan koan-im-têng Guanyin temple koa name of game 卦 卦 Min Nan kòa kolesom ginseng 高麗參
高麗蔘 高麗参 Min Nan ko-lê-sim, ko-lê-sam, ko-lê-som Korean ginseng Kong hu chu, kong cu Confucius, Confucianism 孔夫子
孔子 孔夫子
孔子 Min Nan Khóng Hu-chú
Khóng-chú Confucius kongkalikong intrigue, connivance with, gang up with, be in collusion with 公共你講 公共你讲 Min Nan kong-kā-lí-kóng public-shares-you-discuss kongko (Jakarta) meaningless talk 講古 讲古 Min Nan kóng-kó͘ to tell stories kongkoan 1. public building,
2. Chinese council building 公館 公馆 Min Nan kong-koán 1. imperial guesthouse,
2. grand residence of rich or important person kongsi 1. commercial association, partnership.
2. group, association.
3. landlord office 公司 公司 Min Nan kong-si 1. company, firm, corporation
2. Kongsi, clan hall konian, kweni Chinese new year celebration 過年 过年 Hakka
Min Nan ko-ngièn,ko-ngiàn
kè-nî,kèr-nî,kòe-nî 1. to spend (celebrate) the Chinese New Year
2. (colloquial) next year koteng alone, friendless 孤丁 孤丁 Min Nan ko͘-teng loneliness+person koyo medicinal plaster 膏藥 膏药 Hakka
Min Nan kâu-yo̍k, kò-yo̍k
ko-io̍h, ko͘-io̍h herbal plaster; medicated patch; poultice ku tortoise; cake 龜 龟 Min Nan ku, kui turtle; tortoise kuaci watermelon seed, dried. 瓜子 瓜子 Min Nan koa-chí edible seed consumed as a snack kuali pot, frying pan 罐_
鍋_ 罐_
锅_ Min Nan koàn-
ko- tin, jar kucai Allium adorum 韭菜
韮菜 韭菜 Min Nan kú-chhài garlic chives; Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum) In Hakka, Allium tuberosum is 快菜 (khuai-chhoi, kuai4 coi4) kue cake, pastries 粿 粿 Min Nan kóe rice cake kuli slave, labourer 苦力 苦力 Min Nan ku-lí 1. labor; hard work
2. coolie; laborer kui small casket kungfu kung fu 功夫 功夫 Hakka
Cantonese kûng-fû
gung1 fu1 kung fu kungtau fist 拳頭 拳头 Min Nan kûn-thâu fist kuntuan satin-like silk 裙緞 裙缎 Min Nan kûn-toān st, apron, dress
satin kwetiau, kuetiau kway teow (flat noodle) 粿條 粿条 Min Nan kóe-tiâu kway teow lampan to mine, to mold 淋板 淋板 Min Nan lâm-pán to pour + tin plate lan phosphorus 磷 磷 Cantonese leon4, leon6 phosphorus lancia Two-wheeled carts, moved by people. rickshaw 人車 人车 Min Nan lâng-chhia rickshaw langkan 1. balcony.
2. balustrade, railing. 欄杆 栏杆 Min Nan lân-kan railing, handrail, banister langsai 1. paid, settled (debt).
2. curtain langseng steamer basket 籠床
籠牀 笼床 Min Nan lâng-sn̂g steamer basket lengkeng longan (Euphoria longana) 龍眼 龙眼 Min Nan lêng-kéng longan (Euphoria longana) lianglong Chinese dragons played by a number of people 亮龍 亮龙 Min Nan liāng-liông bright+dragon lici, leci lychee (Litchi chinensis) 荔枝 荔枝 Min Nan lē-chi lychee (Litchi chinensis) lihai skillful 厲害 厉害 Min Nan lī-hāi fierce, serious
(informal) excellent; amazing; fantastic ling measurement unit 鯪 鲮 lio burning bricks (tiles) 寮 寮 Min Nan liâu shanty, hut, shack liong Chinese dragon 龍 龙 Min Nan liông Chinese dragon lisong cigar loak 1. second-hand,
2. trash bins 籮 箩 Min Nan lôa bamboo basket lobak radish (Raphanus sativus) 蘿蔔 萝卜 Cantonese lo4 baak6 1. radish,
2. turnip,
3. daikon; Chinese radish loceng bell 亂鐘 Min Nan lōan-cheng alarm clock lokcuan Chinese silk 羅串 罗串 Min Nan lô-chhoàn, lô͘ -chhoàn loki prostitutes 老妓 老妓 Min Nan ló͘, ló
kī, ki old, experienced, always
prostitutes, female entertainer lokio bawang batak, chives. (Allium schoenoprasum) 蕗蕎 蕗蕎 Min Nan lō͘-kiō, lō͘-giō scallion loknan hardship 落難 落难 Cantonese lok6 naan6 to meet with misfortune; to be in distress loksek bankrupt 蕗息 蕗息 Cantonese lok6 sik1 fall down+to cease loksun dry cough 咯咯聲 咯咯聲 Cantonese lok1 lok1 seng1 cackle, chuck ? loktong prostitutes 樂桶 乐桶 Min Nan lo̍k-thóng enjoy, love ? loleng paper lantern 牢籠 Min Nan lô-lang ? lonte prostitute loténg, laoteng 2nd storey of a house, attic 樓頂 楼顶 Min Nan lâu-téng upstair lu you (slang) 汝
你 汝
你 Min Nan lú
lí you (second person, singular) lumpia spring roll 潤餅 润饼 Min Nan lǔn-piáⁿ spring roll makao woven yarn of cotton yarn, whitish color 馬狗 má-káu Macau makaopo prostitute 馬狗婆 má-káu-pô͘ Macau mesiu gunpowder 芒硝 芒硝 Min Nan mêe-siau 1. mirabilite,
2. sodium sulfate mi, mie noodle 麵 面 Min Nan
Hakka mī
mien flour, dough, noodle mihun rice vermicelli 麵粉, 麪粉 面粉 Min Nan mī-hún flour misoa misua 麵線, 麪線 面线 Min Nan mī-soàⁿ flour mopit Chinese writing brush 毛筆 毛笔 Min Nan mô͘-pit calligraphy brush, inkbrush mua eel 鰻 鳗 Min Nan môa eel nanyang Southeast Asia (nanyang) 南洋 南洋 Mandarin nányáng southern ocean nopek two hundred 兩百 两百 Min Nan nō͘ -pah two hundred nyolo censer 香爐 香炉 Min Nan hiuⁿ-lô͘ incense burner nyonya madame, lady 娘惹 娘惹 Cantonese noeng3 ja1 beloved perfect woman o black 烏 乌 Min Nan o͘ black, dark such as in Kopi O ong emperor, king 王 王 Min Nan ông king, monarch, champion ongji license, permit 王字 王字 Min Nan ông
jī king, monarch, champion
+word, letter, contract 允許 允许 Min Nan ún-hí to permit, to allow oto bib 圍兜 围兜 Min Nan û-to͘ bib pai to pay respect with hands clasped before the chest 拜 拜 Min Nan pài to do obeisance; bow; kowtow pakau a Chinese card game 拍九 拍九 Min Nan phah-káu ? pakpui divination 卜杯 卜杯 Min Nan pok-poe pangkin, pangkeng sleeping room, bed 房間 房间 Min Nan pâng-kuiⁿ, pâng-keng room panglong lumber mill 枋廊 枋廊 Min Nan pang-lông timber gallery pangsi black silk 紡絲 纺丝 Min Nan pháng-si spin, weave
silk ? pangsi black silk 墨絲 墨丝 Min Nan ba̍k-si dark, black
silk ? pangsit wonton 扁食 扁食 Min Nan pián-si̍t wonton papa father, sir 爸爸 爸爸 Min Nan pa-pa, pa-pah father, sir patka a talisman in the form of a sheet of paper written with Chinese characters 八卦 八卦 Min Nan pat-kòa eight divinatory trigrams of the I Ching pauhi abalone 鮑魚 鲍鱼 Min Nan pau-hî abalone pao-pao, opau small pocket 荷包 荷包 Min Nan hô-pau small pocket pecai, pakcoi napa cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) 白菜 白菜 Min Nan pe̍h-chhài napa cabbage (Brassica rapa pekinensis) pecun, pehcun Dragon Boat Festival 扒船 扒船 Min Nan pê-chûn rowing pehong venereal disease, syphilis 病瘋
瘡痕
病毒 病疯
瘡痕
病毒 Min Nan pēng-hong
chhng-hûn
pīⁿ-to̍k, pēⁿ-to̍k fast+ill
sore
virus ? pengki dustpan 畚箕 畚箕 Min Nan pun-kî bamboo or wicker scoop; dustpan pia bet, stake 拚 拚 Min Nan piàⁿ risk picis ten cent 貝子 贝子 Min Nan
Hakka pòe-chí
pi chṳ́ small shellfish, currency pit Chinese brush 筆 笔 Min Nan pit Chinese brush pisau knife 匕首 匕首 Cantonese
Min Nan bei6 sau2
pí-siú dagger po a gambling game 寶 宝 Min Nan pó, pó͘ a kind of gambling device poko bijanggut Mentha (Mentha arvensis) 薄荷 薄荷 Min Nan po̍h-hô, po̍k-hô mint (Mentha) plants, including peppermint poo oil extract from merdinah (Mentha merdinah) and poko (Mentha orvensib) 薄荷 薄荷 Min Nan po̍h-hô, po̍k-hô mint (Mentha) plants, including peppermint popi doll 保庇 Min Nan pó-pì to protect potehi Chinese glove puppetry 布袋戲 布袋戏 Min Nan pò͘-tē-hì glove puppetry potia overseer 部長 部長 Min Nan pō͘-tiúⁿ head of department, section chief puatang fail, unlukcy 破桶 破桶 Min Nan phòa-tháng broken drum punci alright, fortunately 本錢 本钱 Min Nan pún-chîⁿ capital, position, skill, experience puyonghai, fuyonghai egg foo yung 芙蓉蛋 芙蓉蛋 Cantonese fu4 jung4 daan6-2 egg foo yung 芙蓉蟹 芙蓉蟹 Cantonese fu4 jung4 haai5 egg foo yung with crab sam three 三 三 Min Nan saⁿ, sam three sai lion 獅 狮 Min Nan sai lion sampan sampan, a kind of boat 舢板
三板 舢板
三板 Min Nan san-pán sampan samseng to go to someone mourning 三牲 三牲 Min Nan sam-sng, sam-seng three domestic animals three domestic animals (cattle, sheep, and pigs) used as sacrificed offerings during mourning. samsu sugarcane liquor 三燒 三燒 Cantonese saam1 siu1 lit. thrice burnt seh surname 姓 姓 Min Nan
Cantonese sèng, sìⁿ, sèⁿ
sing3, seng3 surname samcam three-layered pork cut 三層 三层 Min Nan sam-chàn lit. three layer sate satay 三疊 三叠 Min Nan saⁿ-tha̍h lit. three layer ? sekoteng a ginger-flavoured hot drink 四果湯 四果汤 Min Nan sì-kó͘,kó-thng,thong sentiong Chinese graveyard 新塚 新塚 Min Nan sin-thióng new graveyard si four 四 四 Min Nan sì, sù, sìr four sian such 相 相 Min Nan siang towards each other, one another siantan Ixora concinna 仙丹花 仙丹花 Min Nan sian-tan Ixora chinensis lit. elixir of life siau cooled 消 消 Min Nan siau dissolve, remove, lost weight, cost sie-sie thanks 謝謝 谢谢 Mandarin xièxie thanks sikak piece of iron starfruit (weapon) 四角 四角 Min Nan sì-kak four angle, four corner perhaps like caltrop or shuriken sin.cia Chinese new year 新正 新正 Min Nan sin-chiaⁿ first month of the lunar new year, first day of the lunar new year, Chinese new year sin.ci spirit tablet 神位 神位 Min Nan sîn-ūi spirit tablet singkék Chinese newcomer (derogative), pure blooded Chinese, i.e. not of mixed ancestry 新客 新客 Min Nan sin-khek new guest, new outsider, new Hakka singkong cassava (Manihot esculenta) 新光 新光 sin-kong new, fresh; bright ? sinsé Chinese medicine practitioner 先生 先生 Min Nan sin-seⁿ doctor, teacher see also sensei, Japanese loanword. sio, shio Chinese zodiac 生肖 生肖 Min Nan sng-siàu, seng-siàu Chinese zodiac sioca miss (term of address) 小姐 小姐 Min Nan sió-chiá, sia̋u-chê miss (term of address), young lady, prostitute siong cigarette with rhubarb and incense 松
鬆
相 松
松
相 Min Nan siông
sang, song
siong, siòng pear, fir
loose, relax
minister (Chinese chess) siongka dammar gum, rosin 松膠 松膠 Min Nan siông-ka pine + resin, gum (松香, 松脂) siuh "be off" 收 收 Min Nan siu to put something away siomay, siomai shumai (wrapped and steamed with fillings) 燒賣 烧卖 Min Nan sio-māi shumai soe bad luck 衰 衰 Min Nan soe 1. to grow weak, to decrease in strength
2. to have poor luck sohun cellophane noodles, Chinese vermicelli 索粉 索粉 Min Nan soh-hún cellophane noodles, Chinese vermicelli synonym of 冬粉 soja to bow 作揖 作揖 Cantonese zok3 jap1 make a bow with hands clasped som folds on the fabric edge 純 纯 Min Nan sûn border of a piece of clothing sosi key 鎖匙 锁匙 Hokkien
Teochew
Hakka
Cantonese só-sî
so2 si5
só-sṳ́, só-sṳ̀
so2 si4 key soto soto 燒肚 烧肚 Min Nan sio-to cook + animal stomach (as food) ? shou sui to stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve 守歲 守岁 Mandarin shǒusuì to stay up late or all night on New Year's Eve suah already, finished 煞 煞 Min Nan soah finish, complete suceng square, honest 四正 四正 Min Nan
Cantonese sì-chiàⁿ
si3 zeng3 neat and proper suhian brothel 私軒 私轩 Min Nan su-hian personal, private + pavilion suhu teacher of the art of (Chinese) self-defence 師父 师父 Min Nan su-hū master, master worker sun tobacco 純 纯 Min Nan sûn pure, clean swike swikee 水雞
水鷄 水鸡 Min Nan súi-ke frog swipoa, sempoa abacus, suanpan 算盤 算盘 Min Nan sǹg-pôaⁿ suanpan see soroban, Japanese loanword. Sun Go Kong Sun Wukong 孫悟空 孙悟空 Min Nan Sun Ngō͘-khong Sun Wukong, Goku see also Son Goku from Japanese loan word. taci elder sister 大姊 大姊 Min Nan tōa-chí, tōa-ché elder sister tahang barrel 桶 桶 Min Nan thóng pail, bucket tahu tofu 豆腐 豆腐 Min Nan tāu-hū tofu, bean curd see also tofu, from Japanese taifun tropical cyclone 颱風 台风 Hakka thòi-fûng tropical cyclone taiko wealthy businessman leprosy 癩哥 癞哥 Min Nan thái-ko leprosy (癩⿸疒哥) Hakka thái-kô taipan conglomerate 大班 大班 Cantonese daai6 baan1 tai-pan takwa Chinese long gown 大褂 大褂 Min Nan tā-kòa Chinese long gown see Changshan (長衫, 长衫) or changpao (長袍, 长袍) tangki, teng container 桶仔 桶仔 Min Nan tháng-chír small pail, bucket tangkue sweetened dried melon slices 冬瓜 冬瓜 Min Nan tang-koe, tang-koa winter melon (Benincasa hispida) tanglung lantern 燈籠 Min Nan teng-lang lantern tangsi barrack 團舍 团舍 Min Nan thn̂g-sià barrack taocang pigtail, braid 頭鬃 头鬃 Min Nan thâu-chang hair taoci fish paste 豆豉 豆豉 Min Nan tāu-sīⁿ, tāu-sī douchi douchi, a food product made from salted, fermented black soybeans taoco, tauco preserved food from bean, salted 豆醬 豆酱 Min Nan tāu-chiòⁿ tauco taoge, tauge, toge bean sprout 豆芽 豆芽 Min Nan tāu-gê
tāu-gêe bean sprout taosi douchi 豆豉 豆豉 Min Nan tāu-sīⁿ, tāu-sī douchi douchi, a food product made from salted, fermented black soybeans tauke, taoke, toke business owner, boss 頭家 头家 Min Nan thâu-ke business owner, boss teh tea 茶 茶 Min Nan tê tea teko tea pot 茶壺 茶壶 Min Nan tê-ô͘, têe-ô͘, tē-ô͘ teapot tekoh person in charge in store 大哥 大哥 Min Nan tōa-ko 1. eldest brother,
2. a term of address tekoan tea pot 茶罐 茶罐 Min Nan tê-kuàn earthenware tea pot tekong helmsman 舵舟 舵舟 Min Nan tō-chiu helmsman tekpi, tikpi tekpi, short-handled trident 雙短鞭
鐵鞭 双短鞭
铁鞭 Min Nan pian-té-piⁿ
thih-piⁿ double short whip/weapon
iron whip, chain whip teng Chinese lantern 燈 灯 Min Nan teng lamp, light, lantern tengkoh prepared opium 燈膏 燈膏 Min Nan teng-ko, ko͘, kō lamp, light, lantern + to apply tepo a gambling game teyan fundrising 題捐 题捐 Min Nan tê-iân, tôe-iân to collect donations tiam blow, hit, stroke 點 点 Min Nan tiám to point, dot, place tiap key money 帖 帖 Min Nan thiap note, dose, submission tim to stew by cooking in a covered pot 燖 Min Nan tīm to re-heay food ting lantern 燈 Min Nan teng lantern Tionghoa Chinese 中華 中华 Min Nan tiong-hôa Chinese Tiongkok China 中國 中国 Min Nan tiong-kok China to Taoist 道 道 Min Nan tō way, path, road to to go bankrupt 倒 倒 Min Nan tó, tó͘, táu, tho̍h to go bankrupt, to close down Toapekong, tohkong 1. Chinese god who worshipped in the temple,
2. Chinese temple 大道公 大道公 Min Nan Tāi-tō-kong Baosheng Dadi, a Chinese god. tobang cook 廚房 厨房 Min Nan tû-pâng kitchen toh birthmark toko small shop 土庫 土库 Min Nan thó͘-khò͘ local storehouse tokwi altar covering 桌幃 桌帏 Min Nan tong barrel 桶 桶 Min Nan thóng pail, bucket tongcai salted vegetable 通菜 通菜 Min Nan thong-chhài water spinach [1]Mandarin tōngcài tongkang barge 艟舡 Min Nan tông-kang tongsan to go home 唐山 唐山 Min Nan tn̂g-soaⁿ (mainland) China, Tang mountain, Tangshan tongsit hair bun 唐式 唐式 Min Nan tn̂g-sit Tang (China) + model, fashion topan, taupan, tofan windstorm 大風 大风 Hakka thai-fûng windstorm topeng mask 倒反 倒反 Min Nan tò-péng another side topo rag, cloth used for cleaning 桌布 桌布 Min Nan toh-pò͘ tablecloth toya long stick (weapon) 槌仔 槌仔 Min Nan thûi-á tui to gamble 賭 赌 Min Nan tó͘ to gamble to do again, false start 轉 转 Min Nan tó͘ to return tukang 1. craftsmaster, artisan,
2. a rough person 土工 土工 Min Nan thó͘-kang construction worker tun rupiah as 1 rupiah, 100 rupiah 盾 盾 Min Nan tún, tún 1. shield,
2. money money in this case refer to đồng, guilder; gulden, or rupiah ubin floortile 油面 油面 Min Nan iû-bin to paint + surface ungti big puppet with person inside vetsin,
micin, pécin glutamate flavoring 味精 味精 Mandarin wèijīng 1. glutamate flavoring,
2. Ve-tsin, glutamate flavoring product from Tien Chun Cantonese mei6 zing1 Hakka mi-chîn waitangkung a gymnastics 外丹功 外丹功 Mandarin wàidāngōng wangkang canoe 艋舺 艋舺 Min Nan báng-kah outrigger canoe disputed, considered a loanword to Chinese from Austronesian (which included Indonesian). wotie, kuotie fried jiaozi 鍋貼 鍋贴 Min Nan oe-thiap, ko-thiap fried jiaozi wushu wushu 武術 武术 Mandarin wǔshù martial art, wushu yang yang 陽 阳 Mandarin yáng yang yin yin 陰 阴 Mandarin yīn yin From Japanese

Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942–1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Japanese
New Form Japanese
Old Form Japanese
Transliteration Japanese
Meaning Note Ref aikido aikido 合気道 合氣道 aikidō aikido ajinomoto flavour enhancer 味の素 味の素 ajinomoto ajinomoto the trademarked product name for monosodium glutamate (MSG), a flavour enhancer, held by Ajinomoto Co. anime anime アニメ アニメ anime animation contraction from アニメーション (animēshon), a loanword from English for animation bakero stupid, Japanese swear word ばかやろう ばかやろう bakayarō stupid 1. see baka.
2. variation are included バカやろう, バカヤロウ, バカヤロオ and バカヤロー. 馬鹿野郎 馬鹿野郎 banzai long life cheers 万歳 萬歲 banzai long life cheers lit. "ten thousand years," such as 天皇陛下万歳 (Tennōheika Banzai!) "Long live His Majesty the Emperor" bonsai miniature potted plant 盆栽 盆栽 bonsai tray plantting, bonsai bushido bushido 武士道 武士道 bushidō bushido (Military-related term) 1. way of warrior, 2. code of conduct for Japanese samurai canoyu Japanese tea ceremony 茶の湯 茶の湯 chanoyu tea ceremony daidan battalion 大団 大團 daidan battalion daidanco battalion commander 大団長 大團長 daidanchō battalion commander dakocan air-filled black plastic dolls ダッコ
-ちゃん ダッコ
-ちゃん dakko-chan a mascot the company mascot of Takara dan rank for judo, karate, and kenpo 段 段 dan dan, an East Asia ranking system dohyo sumo ring 土俵 土俵 dohyō sumo ring see dohyō dojo, doyo karate training place 道場 道場 dōjō dojo ebi dried shrimp えび えび ebi prawn,  shrimp,  lobster,  crayfish 蝦 蝦 海老 海老 emoji Japanese emoticon, emoji 絵文字 繪文字 emoji emoji Emoji are ideograms and smileys used in electronic messages and web pages. gakari duty 係 係 kakari (person in) charge,  duty through rendaku form -gakari 掛 掛 gigaku gigaku 伎楽 伎樂 gigaku gigaku Gigaku refers to an extinct genre of masked drama-dance performance, imported into Japan during the Asuka period. go go 囲碁 圍碁 i-go go Go is an abstract strategy board game for two players, in which the aim is to surround more territory than the opponent. gobo Arctium lappa 牛蒡 牛蒡 gobō Arctium lappa ゴボウ ゴボウ gongyo buddhist liturgy 勤行 勤行 gon-gyō buddhist liturgy gunseikan Japanese military government 軍政官 軍政官 gunseikan military government official refers to Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies gunsyiréikan army commander 軍司令官 軍司令官 gunshireikan army commander (Military-related term) haiku haiku 俳句 俳句 haiku haiku harai 1. ritual suicide;
2. (self-)disembowelment in Japan 腹切 腹切 harai ritual suicide, (self-)disembowelment see harai hayabusa type of Japanese warplane 隼 隼 hayabusa peregrine falcon (Military-related term) heiho Japanese colonial auxiliaries 兵補 兵補 heiho auxiliaries hentai 1. ographic (adj.)
2. ographic anime, manga or Japanese computer game. 変態 變態 hentai 1. metamorphosis, transformation
2. abnormality
3. pervert, hentai 1. Pervert meaning in Japanese based on contraction of 変態性欲 (hentai seiyoku, lit. perverse ual desire).
2. The original meaning in the Japanese language is transformation or metamorphosis. hiragana hiragana 平仮名 平仮名 hiragana hiragana ひらがな ひらがな hokokai Japanese colonial mobilisation group 奉公会 奉公會 hōkōkai public service association such as Jawa Hokokai. honda moped, autocycle; pickup truck 本田 本田 honda Honda, name of vehicle manufacturer. iaido iaido 居合道 居合道 iaidō iaido iaidoka judo practitioner 居合道家 居合道家 iaidōka iaido practitioner ikebana flower arranging art 生花 生花 ikebana flower arrangement ipon crushing victory 一本 一本 ippon 1.  one point,
2.  a blow see ippon jibaku,
berjibaku 1. suicide bomber
2. reckless, desperate attack 自爆 自爆 jibaku suicide bombing, self-destruction see also kamikaze. judo judo 柔道 柔道 jūdō judo judogi judo uniform 柔道着 柔道着 jūdōki judo uniform judoka judo practitioner 柔道家 柔道家 jūdōka judo practitioner jugun-ianfu comfort women 従軍慰安婦 從軍慰安婦 jūgun-ianfu comfort women jujitsu jujutsu 柔術 柔術 jujutsu jujutsu see also yuyitsu. kabuki kabuki, classical Japanese dance-drama 歌舞伎 歌舞伎 kabuki kabuki kaigun navy 海軍 海軍 kaigun navy kamikaze 1. divine wind (typhoon),
2. suicide attacks by military aviators from Japan in World War 2 神風 神風 kamikaze 1. divine wind,
2. suicide attacks by military aviators from Japan in World War 2 kampai lie supine, stretched out, irregular, powerless 完敗 完敗 kanpai complete defeat,  utter defeat,  annihilation kanji kanji, Japanese- Chinese characters 漢字 漢字 kanji kanji, Japanese- Chinese characters see also Honji, from Chinese karakuri karakuri, machine mechanism 絡繰り 絡繰り karakuri karakuri (lit. mechanism) karaoke karaoke 空オケ 空オケ karaoke karaoke clipped compound of 空 (kara) empty and orchestra. karate karate 空手 空手 karate karate 唐手 唐手 karategi karate uniform 空手着 空手着 karateki karate uniform 唐手着 唐手着 karateka karate practitioner 空手家 空手家 karateka karate practitioner 唐手家 唐手家 kata kata 型 型 kata kata Kata are detailed choreographed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs. 形 形 keibodan Japanese colonial police assistant 警防団 警防團 keibōdan civil defense unit keki light machine gun 軽機 輕機 keiki light machine gun kempetai Japanese military police 憲兵隊 憲兵隊 kenpeitai kempeitai, former Japanese military police current Japan military police is called 警務隊 (keimutai) ken fist, clench 拳 拳 ken fist, clench ken regency (large district) 県 縣 ken 1. prefecture (of Japan),
2. county (of China) see Administrative divisions of Japan kendo kendo 剣道 劍道 kendō kendo lit. sword way kenpo, kempo kenpō 拳法 拳法 kenpō kenpō lit. fist method kiai kiai 気合 氣合 kiai kiai Kiai is a Japanese term used in martial arts for the short yell or shout uttered when performing an attacking move. kimigayo kimigayo, national anthem of Japan 君が代 君が代 kimigayo kimigayo, national anthem of Japan kimono 1. Japanese traditional dress,
2. Bathrobe 着物 着物 kimono 1. cloth
2. kimono koo term of address for a sultan, prince, etc. 侯 侯 kō marquis,  lord,  daimyo, prince 公 公 koci special area, principality 侯地 侯地 kōchi marquis,  lord,  daimyo, prince
+land 公地 公地 kodo imperial rule 皇道 皇道 kōdō imperial rule Imperial means Empire of Japan koi koi carp 鯉 鯉 koi carp kokang bolt lever of a rifle 鋼管 鋼管 kōkan steel pipe kotai change, relief (of guard) (mil.) 交代 交代 kōtai alternation, change,  relief,  relay,  shift,  substitution 交替 交替 kotsubu registration of motor vehicles department 皇道部 皇道部 kōtsūbu transportation department ku ward, district 区 區 ku ward, district see Administrative divisions of Japan kumico people association leader 組長 組長 kumichō people association leader manga manga, Japanese-style comics 漫画 漫畫 manga manga, refer to cartooning, comics, and animation 1. lit. impromptu sketches
2. sometimes, manga-influenced comics, such as Chinese manhua (漫畫, 漫画) and Korean manhwa (만화), are included in. mangaka mangaka 漫画家 漫畫家 mangaka mangaka Mangaka is the Japanese word for manga artist. moci mochi, rice cake 餅 餅 mochi mochi mocitsuki mochi preparation for Japanese new year 餅搗き 餅搗き mochitsuki mochi preparation for Japanese new year nikkeiren Japanese labour union 日経連 日経連 nikkeiren Japan Federation of Employers' Associations Nikkeiren is short form of Japan Federation of Employers' Associations (日本経営者団体連盟) which merged into Japan Business Federation. ninja 1. ninja, covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan.
2. Unidentified killer with black clothes and mask 忍者 忍者 ninja ninja noh noh 能 能 nō noh nippon Japan 日本 日本 nippon Japan nippon is more related to world war II and before; current reading prefers nihon than nippon. nori nori 海苔 海苔 nori nori seaweed sheet obi obi 帯 帶 obi obi, traditional Japanese sash okura okra オクラ オクラ okura okra 秋葵 秋葵 onagata male actor in female kabuki roles 女形 女形 onnagata male actor in female kabuki roles 女方 女方 origami origami 折紙 折紙 origami origami, art of paper folding panko bread crumbs パン粉 パン粉 panko bread crumbs rengo trade union 連合 連合 rengo Japanese Trade Union Confederation romusha rōmusha 労務者 勞務者 rōmusha rōmusha, lit. laborer sabo erosion, sedimentation, landslide control system 砂防 砂防 sabō erosion control sake sake 酒 酒 sake sake Sake, Japanese rice wine, is made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran. sakura cherry blossom 桜 櫻 sakura cherry blossom samurai samurai 侍 侍 samurai samurai, Japanese military nobility sashimi sashimi 刺身 刺身 sashimi sashimi satori free from discrimination condition 悟り 悟り satori 1. comprehension,  understanding
2. enlightenment (Buddhism) 覚り 覚り sayonara good bye さようなら さようなら sayōnara formal, final good bye seikeirei profound obeisance 最敬礼 最敬礼 saikeirei a low, deep bow, a respectful bow seko observer, scout, spy 斥候 斥候 sekkō scout, patrol, spy sendenbu Japanese colonial propaganda office 宣伝部 宣伝部 sendenbu public relation departement sensei Japanese teacher, including Japanese martial arts teacher 先生 先生 sensei elder, scholar, teacher, doctor see also sinse, Chinese loanword. seinendan Japanese colonial youth association 青年団 青年團 seinendan youth association 青年 (seinen) = youth shinkansen 1. high-speed passenger train, bullet train
2. high-speed passenger train in Japan, shinkansen 新幹線 新幹線 shinkansen shinkansen, high-speed passenger train in Japan lit. new trunk line shinto shinto 神道 神道 shintō shinto soba noodle 蕎麦 蕎麦 soba 1. buckwheat,
2. buckwheat noodle Son Goku Son Goku 孫悟空 孫悟空 Son Gokū Sun Wukong, Goku see also Sun Go Kong from Chinese. sogo 1. a giant trading company whose sales in retail,
2. Sogo, departement store chain そごう そごう sogō Sogo, a department store chain Sogo is department store chain which was founded Ihei Sogo (十合　伊兵衛, Sogou Ihei). soroban soroban 算盤 算盤 soroban soroban see suanpan, Chinese loanword. subucho Japanese colonial officer 候部長 候部長 subucho head of auxiliary departement suiseki suiseki, art of natural stone 水石 水石 suiseki suiseki sukiyaki sukiyaki 鋤焼 鋤燒 sukiyaki sukiyaki すき焼き sushi sushi すし すし sushi sushi 寿司 寿司 鮨 鮨 sumo sumo, Japanese traditional wrestling 相撲 相撲 sumō sumo, Japanese traditional wrestling syodanco platoon commander 小団長 小團長 shōdanchō platoon commander syogun, shogun shōgun, Japanese governor in 17th—19th century 将軍 将軍 shōgun shōgun, Japanese military dictator of Japan during the period from 1185 to 1868 taiso Japanese gymnastics 体操 體操 taisho gymnastics,  physical exercises,  calisthenics takeyari bamboo spear 竹槍 竹槍 takeyori bamboo spear takoyaki takoyaki たこ焼き takoyaki takoyaki 蛸焼 蛸焼 tatami sport play area 畳 疊 tatami Japanese straw floor coverings, tatami tempura tempura 天ぷら tenpura tempura 天麩羅 天麩羅 tenno heika 1. Emperor of Japan,
2. Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa 天皇陛下 天皇陛下 tennō heika His Imperial Majesty (of Japan) 1. originally refer to current Emperor in Japan;
2. as the term introduced at world war II, the phrase refers to Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa (April 29, 1901 – January 7, 1989), the Emperor of Japan at that time.
3. 天皇 (tennō) = Japanese emperor, 陛下 (heika) = majesty teriyaki teriyaki 照り焼き teriyaki teriyaki 照焼 照燒 tekidanto grenade launcher 擲弾筒 擲彈筒 tekidantō grenade launcher tepo gun, rifle 鉄砲 鐵砲 teppō gun 鉄炮 鐵炮 tobang military or police helper (or lackey) 当番 当番 tōban being on duty tofu extra soft tofu 豆腐 豆腐 tōfu tofu see also tahu, loan word from Chinese. tsunami tsunami 津波 津波 tsunami 1. tsunami, tidal wave,
2. tidal bore tsuru crane-shaped origami 鶴 鶴 tsuru crane udon udon うどん udon udon 饂飩 饂飩 umami umami 旨味 旨味 umami umami, lit. "pleasant savory taste". wagyu wagyu, Japanese beef or cow 和牛 和牛 wagyū wagyu, Japanese beef or cow wasabi wasabi わさび wasabi wasabi 山葵 山葵 wazari winning score in judo 技あり
技有り waza-ari waza-ari, half-point yakitori yakitori 焼き鳥 yakitori yakitori yen yen 円 圓 en 1. yen, money,
2. circle yuyitsu jujutsu 柔術 柔術 jujutsu jujutsu see also jujitsu. zen Zen, school of Buddhism 禅 禪 zen Zen, school of Buddhism From Korean

In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanword mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Korean
Hangul Korean
Hanja Korean
Transliteration Korean
Meaning Note Ref gochujang gochujang 고추장 고추醬 gochu-jang gochujang gochujang is a savory, sweet, and spicy fermented condiment made from chili powder, glutinous rice, meju (fermented soybean) powder, yeotgireum (barley malt powder), and salt. hotteok hotteok 호떡 胡떡 hotteok hotteok Hotteok is a variety of filled Korean pancake. jjajangmyeon jajangmyeon 자장면 炸醬麵 jajangmyeon jajangmyeon Jajangmyeon is a Korean Chinese noodle dish topped with a thick sauce made of chunjang, diced pork and vegetables. japchae japchae 잡채 雜菜 japchae japchae Japchae is a sweet and savory dish of stir-fried glass noodles and vegetables that is popular in Korean cuisine. taekwondo taekwondo 태권도 跆拳道 taekwondo taekwondo Taekwondo is a Korean martial art, characterized by its emphasis on head-height kicks, jumping and spinning kicks, and fast kicking techniques. tteok-bokki tteok-bokki 떡볶이 떡볶이 tteok-bokki tteok-bokki Tteok-bokki is a popular Korean food made from small-sized garae-tteok (long, white, cylinder-shaped rice cakes) called tteokmyeon (떡면; "rice cake noodles") or commonly tteok-bokki-tteok (떡볶이 떡; "tteok-bokki rice cakes"). won won 원 圓 won 1. won, the currencies
2. circle Won are currencies of South and North Korea.

From European languages

European influence over Indonesian has been significantly influenced by European intervention and colonialism; The most significant consequence is the usage of Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts. The Portuguese first arrived in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. The Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas had significantly increased Portuguese influence in trade and also through the introduction of Christianity in the region. Dutch however shows the most influence upon the language, with the Dutch having had control of Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating the Portuguese as a player over control of the archipelago. The Dutch language itself wasn't properly introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Netherlands' crown took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company), previously the Malay language was adapted by VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language. English to an extent also exerted influence over the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in the colonial days. English however plays a larger role over the nation's official language more recently through recent globalization.

From Portuguese

Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the "Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.[7]

Word Meaning Original word akta act (law) acta algojo executioner algoz armada fleet armada bangku chair banco: bench baret barrette barrete Belanda Dutch, Holland Holanda bendéra flag bandeira beranda verandah, porch varanda biola violin viola bola ball bola (kué) bolu (a type of) cake bolo bonéka doll boneca cerutu cigar charuto dansa dance (not including traditional dance) dança dadu dice dado gagu mute gago: stutterer, stuttering ganco hook gancho garpu fork garfo geréja church igreja gratis free (not having to pay) gratis (Dutch: gratis) jendéla window janela kaldu broth caldo kanal channel canal (Dutch: kanaal) kéju cheese queijo keméja shirt camisa keréta chariot/cart carreta kertas paper cartas (papel) kredo creed credo lelang auction leilão lemari closet armário meja table mesa mentéga butter manteiga Minggu Sunday domingo misa mass missa mitos myth mitos nanas pineapple ananas natal Christmas natal noda stain nodoa nona young woman dona pasta paste pasta pesiar cruise, excursion passear pesta party festa pigura picture, figure figura pita ribbon fita pompa pump bomba hidráulica, (Dutch: pomp) roda wheel roda saku pocket, bag saco santo saint santo sekolah school escola (Latin: schola) sepatu shoe sapato serdadu soldier soldado témpo time tempo tenda tent tenda terigu wheat trigo tinta ink tinta tolol fool tolo tukar exchange trocar From Spanish

As Portuguese, Spanish loan word come from colonialism in East Indies. In 1606, the Spaniards established some form of trade links with the Maluku Islands. In 1529, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claims to the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. Thus, there are fewer loanwords from Spanish than Portuguese or Dutch.[8]

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Spanish
Word Spanish
Meaning Note Ref adios good bye, farewell adiós good bye, farewell bonanza wealth, good fortune, or profits source bonanza fair weather, prosperity canasta canasta canasta canasta caudillo caudillo caudillo caudillo cedilla cedilla cedilla cedilla conquistador conquistador, Spanish conqueror in America conquistadores conquerors *dona doña title of respect for a woman Not available in isolated form in Indonesian. Compound words with -dona in Indonesian are madona and primadona. entrenador trainer, coach entrenador trainer, coach fandango fandango fandango fandango Fandango is a lively couples dance from Spain, usually in triple metre, traditionally accompanied by guitars, castanets, or hand-clapping. hailai jai alai jai alai jai alai lit. happy party havana Cuban cigar habana Habanos, producer Cuban cigars lit. (something) from Havana kamisa shirt camisa shirt see also kemeja, from Portuguese matador bullfighter matador killer Based on English usage, matador used in the English language as title for a bullfighter, which come from shortening of matador de toros (lit. "killer of bulls"). mestizo mestizo mestizo mestizo Mestizo is a person of combined European and Amerindian or Pacific Islander descent. plaza 1. plaza, town square
2. shopping mall with parking lot plaza plaza ponco poncho poncho poncho originally loan word from Quechua punchu retenidos remand (pre-trial detention) retenidos hold prisoner señor mister, sir, (title conferred on an adult male) señor mister, sir, (title conferred on an adult male) señora missus, Mrs (title given to a married woman) señora missus, Mrs (title given to a married woman) señorita young woman, Miss (used as a title) señorita young woman, Miss (used as a title) sista nap sista nap Sista is nap, especially an afternoon one taken after lunch. sombrero sombrero sombrero hat toreador bullfighter toreador bullfighter From Dutch

The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, and also from other non Italo-Iberian, European languages loanwords which came via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords, having clusters of several consonants, pose difficulties to speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] → sekrup [səˈkrup]. Many Indonesian vocabulary ending "-i" (e.g.:administras-i) also are known from the Dutch vocabulary influence "-ie" (e.g.:administrat-ie). All the months from January (Januari) to December (Desember) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. It is estimated that 10,000 words in Indonesian language can be traced to the Dutch language.[9]

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Dutch
Word Dutch
Meaning Note Ref abolisi abolition abolitie abolition abonemen subscription abonnement subscription accoord agreement, accord accoord agreement, accord 1. clipped as acc.
2. Loan word borrowed from French from Vulgar Latin *accordō, accordāre (“to be heart to heart with”), formed from Latin ad + cor (“heart”). adempauze breather adempauze breather administrasi administration administratie administration advokat lawyer advocaat lawyer afdeling division, section afdeling division, section afdeeling pre-1934 spelling, obsolete afspraak verbal promise afspraak arrangement, agreement, understanding Agustus August August August aktual current, present actueel current, present aliansi alliance alliantie alliance ambah handicraft (archaic) ambacht 1. handicraft.
2. (historical) legal district amnesti amnesty, state-granted pardon amnestie amnesty, state-granted pardon amprah demand, request aanvraag application andil 1. contribution, part.
2. (finance) a share, stock aandeel 1. contribution, part.
2. (finance) a share, stock angker, angkar anchor anker anchor antik antique antiek antique antusias enthusiastic enthousiast enthusiastic apatis apathetic apathisch apathetic apartemen apartment appartement apartment apartheid apartheid apartheid 1. separateness, separating characteristics.
2. apartheid From Afrikaans, a Dutch-related language, apartheid ("apartheid"). aplaus applause applaus applause apotek, apotik pharmacy apotheek pharmacy apoteker pharmacist apotheker pharmacist April April April April arbéi strawberry aardbei strawberry arde ground (electricity) aarde earth, soil, ground areal area areaal area arloji watch horloge watch artikel article artikel article as axis, axle as axis, axle asbak ashtray asbak ashtray From as ("ash") + bak ("container"). asosial antisocial asociaal antisocial atret backwards achteruit backwards From achter ("behind") + uit ("out"). bak container bak container bal ball bal ball ban tyre, belt band tyre, belt barikade barricade barricades barricade baskom washbasin waskom washbasin From was ("wash") + kom ("bowel", "basin"). baterai, batere, baterei battery batterij battery baut bolt bout bolt bêdindê servant bediende servant (sing.) begroting budget begroting budget belek, blek can, tin blik can, tin behel dental braces beugel 1. dental braces.
2. hinged clamp beken famous, notorious bekend 1. (well-)known.
2. familiar, trusted. bekleding upholstering bekleding upholstering belasting tax, excise, duty belasting 1. strain, burden, load.
2. tax, levy by public authorities. beleid policy beleid 1. policy.
2. care. béngkél workshop (industrial) winkel shop From Middle Dutch winkel (“corner”). berurte fit, stroke or seizure beroerte fit, stroke or seizure beslit letter of appointment besluit decision, determination bêstèl delivery place bestellen 1. to order, demand delivery.
2. to deliver bestir management board bestuur 1. management.
2. governing board.
3. reign bêsèt excoriation bezetten to occupy, to fill besuk to visit sick persons bezoeken to visit BH, beha brassiere bustehouder brassiere binnen 1. in (preposition, adverb).
2. set for life binnen 1. in (preposition, adverb).
2. set for life bioskop cinema bioscoop cinema bistik beefsteak biefstuk beefsteak bus, bis bus bus bus bon receipt bon receipt, ticket (e.g. for speeding), voucher boomzaken harbour administration boomzaken harbour administration boorwater boric acid solution boorwater boric acid solution brankas, brangkas safe brandkast safe branwir firefighter squad brandweer fire department bruder friar (notably Catholic) broeder friar (notably Catholic) 1. cognate with brother in English.
2. the meaning as brother is dated and translated as broer in Dutch. buku book boek book In Indonesian, buku is used for book (for specific for secular books). For religious and poetic book, Indonesian uses kitab (an Arabic loanword) and pustaka (a Sanskrit loanword) respectively. buncis green beans boontjes beans (plural diminutive) cako headgear cokelat chocolate chocolade chocolate cultuurstelsel cultivation system cultuurstelsel cultivation system curatele guardianship curatele guardianship dah/dadah good-bye dag: (good) day dak roof dak dasi necktie das(je) debat debate debat departemen department departement Desember December december dinas administration dienst diskusi discussion discussie dokter medical doctor dokter dosis dose dosis duit money duit: a copper Dutch coin egois selfish egoïst: egoist émbér bucket emmer éngsél hinges hengsel Eropa Europe Europa faktur invoice factuur fantastis fantastic fantastisch Februari February februari frambus raspberry framboos gaji wages gage gang alley gang gardu to guard, watch post garde gerilya guerrilla guerrilla gorden curtain gordijn gubernur governor gouverneur halo hello hallo handuk towel handdoek hanger hanger hanger halte bus bus stop bushalte helm helmet helm hipotek mortgage hypotheek ide idea idee identik identical identiek ilusi ilussion ilusie imun immune immuun indehoy forbidden ual intercourse inhethooi:[10] in the hay Indo Eurasian, mestizo abbreviation of Indo-European infanteri infantry infanterie insinyur engineer ingenieur institut institute instituut intim intimate intiem Januari January januari jas coat jas Juli July juli Juni June juni jus juice jus kabel cable kabel kaisar emperor keizer kakus toilet verb: kakken/noun: kakhuis kalem calm kalm kalkun turkey kalkoen kamar room kamer kantor office kantoor karakter character karakter karcis ticket kaartjes: plural for diminutive of kaart, card or ticket kartu card kaart kastanye chestnut kastanje katun cotton katoen kavaleri cavalry cavalerie kelar ready, finished klaar kelas class klas keran faucet, tap kraan knalpot (or kenalpot) muffler (on a motor vehicle) knalpot kol cabbages kool kolega colleague collega komandan commander commandant komentar comment commentaar komersil commercial commercieel komisaris commissioner commissaris kondisi condition conditie kongres congress congres kopi coffee koffie kopling clutch koppeling kopor suitcase koffer kor/koor choir koor korsleting/konslet short circuit kortsluiting korting/diskon discount korting/disconteren korup corrupt corrupt korupsi corruption corruptie /inde room rental t:[10] cost; board kuitansi receipt kwitantie kulkas ice box or refrigerator koelkast kursus course cursus kusén window frame kozijn laci deskdrawer laatje: diminutive form of la(de) lampu lamp lamp limun lemonade limoen: lemon lisensi license licentie listrik electric elektrisch loket pay box loket makelar broker makelaar mantel coat mantel Maret March maart maskapai airline maatschappij: company massa mass (bulk, load) massa matras bed matras mebel furniture meubel media massa mass media massamedia Mei May mei meises sprinkles muisjes merek brand merk mesin machine, engine machine migrasi migration migratie minder not confident minder misi mission missie mobil car, automobile automobiel montir mechanic monteur motor motorcycle motorfiets mur nut (hardware) moer nut (hardware) nanas pineapple ananas (Portuguese: Ananas, origin South America) nomer number nummer nol zero/nil nul November November november Oktober October oktober om uncle oom oma grandma oma omzet/omset revenue omzet onderdil components/spare parts onderdeel ong cost & expenses onten opa granddad opa oranye orange (colour) oranje orgel pipe organ orgel otomatis automatic automatisch pabrik factory fabriek par parking parkeer parlemen parliament parlement paroki parish parochie pas fit past (third person singular of "passen") pastor pastor pastoor paviliun pavilion paviljoen pelopor frontrunner voorloper pénsil pencil penseel (brush) pensiun retirement pensioen perboden prohibit (mainly used in street signs in Indonesian) verboden permak alter, transform vermaken permisi excuse me; permission permissie: permission peron platform (railway) perron pers press pers persik peach perzik persis precise, exactly the same, look alike precies persneling gear versnelling plafon ceiling plafond, from French polisi police politie potlot pencil potlood potret portrait portret preman gangster vrijman: freeman; outlaw prestasi performance prestatie prinsip principle principe proyek project project redaksi editorial office redactie rékening account rekening reklame advertisement reclame rem brake rem resep recipe recept résléting zipper ritssluiting resiko risk risico rok st rok rokok cigarette; smoke roken: to smoke sakelar switch schakelaar saldo balance saldo satelit satellite satelliet saus sauce saus segel seal zegel sekop shovel schop sekrup screw schroef seks seks seksi section sektie selang water hose slang sempak swim briefs zwempak senewen jumpy zenuwachtig September September september sepur train spoor serius serious serieus sertifikat certificate certificaat setrika clothes iron strijkijzer setrum current (electricity) stroom sinterklas Santa Claus sinterklaas sipir warden cipier sirkulasi circulation circulatie solusi solution solutie spanduk commercial or information banner spandoeken standar standard standaard stasiun train station station stopkontak power socket stopcontact struktur structure structuur suster nun, nurse, sister zuster tang pliers tang tas bag tas tégel floor tile tegel teh tea thee teknologi technology technologie telat late te laat (too late) telefon telephone telefoon televisi television televisie tema theme thema terompet trumpet trompet teori theory theorie tinta ink tint tomat tomato tomaat (Portuguese: tomate, origin Central America) topik topic topic toren tower (usually for water tower in Indonesian) toren traktir treat trakteer tustel camera tools toestel: device, appliances variabel variable variabel vas vase vaas versi version versie visi vision visie voorijder outrider voorrijder vulkan volcano vulkaan wastafel sink wastafel wol wool wol wortel carrot wortel yuridis juridical juridisch yustisi judiciary justitie langsam slow langzaam afdruk print afdrukken kavir piano klavier WC lavatory WC From Greek Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Greek
Word Greek
Transliteration Greek
Meaning Source
Word Source
Meaning Source
Language Note Ref agape agape ἀγάπη agápē agape apokrifa 1. uncertain source.
2. biblical apocrypha ἀπόκρυφος apókruphos hidden apologi 1. remorse.
2. defense ᾰ̓πολογῐ́ᾱ apologíā (Ancient) defense asbes, asbestos asbestos ἄσβεστος ásbestos unquenchable, inextinguishable asbest asbestos Dutch Dutch asbest (asbestos) is based on Latin asbestos (asbestos). askese rigorous self-denial ἀσκητής askētḗs monk, hermit autopsi, otopsi autopsy αὐτοψῐ́ᾱ autopsíā seeing with one's own eyes autopsie autopsy Dutch Dutch autopsie (autopsy) is based on New Latin autopsia (autopsy). demokrasi democracy δημοκρατία dēmokratía democracy democratie democracy Dutch diaken deacon διάκονος diákonos servant, messenger diaken deacon Dutch diakon diakonia diaconia δῐᾱκονῐ́ᾱ diākoníā service ekaristi eucharist εὐχᾰρῐστῐ́ᾱ eukharistíā 1. thanks, gratitude.
2. giving of thanks.
3. eucharist eucharistie eucharist Dutch evangeli Gospel εὐάγγελος euángelos good news ēvangelium good news, Gospel Latin filsafat philosophy φιλοσοφία philasophia philosophy فَلْسَفَة falsafa philosophy Arabic hipokrit hypocrite ῠ̔ποκρῐτής hupokritḗs 1. interpreter.
2. actor. hypocrita 1. mimic (mime artist).
2. hypocrite Latin 1. The Greek word is υποκριτής (ypokritís). idola idol εἴδωλον eídōlon 1. phantom, ghost quotations.
2. shape, figure, image.
3. image of the mind: idea, fancy.
4. representation, statue, idol idolum, idola 1. image, form, especially a spectre, apparition or ghost.
2. idol Latin idool, idoolen idol Dutch idol, idolum idol English mitos myth μῦθος mythos 1. word, speech, conversation.
2. tale, story, narrative. mitos myth (pl.) Portuguese oikumene, ekumene ecumene οἰκουμένη oikouménē 1. inhabited.
2. civilised world. o ography, lewd πόρνη pórnē harlot 1. From contraction of Indonesian ografi (ographic), from Dutch ografie or English ography, from French ographie.
2. Pornografi is a formal word in Indonesia, while o is informal. sinagogê synagogue, συναγωγή synagogē assembly synagoge synagogue Dutch Synagogue is Judaism prayer house. stadion stadium στάδιον stadion (Ancient) 600-foot stadion stadium Dutch The Greek word is στάδιο (stadio). teater theatre θέᾱτρον théātron (Ancient) theatre, play theater theatre Dutch 1. The Greek word is θέατρο (théatro).
2. Dutch theater (theatre) is based from Old French theatre, from Latin theatrum. From Latin

It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Latin
word Latin
meaning Indirect
Loanword Indirect
Source Meaning Note Ref ad interim temporarily ad interim aktivitas activity activitas almamater alma mater alma māter alma mater devosi devotion dēvōtiō devotion èkskomunikasi excommunication excommūnicātiō excommunication excommunicatie Dutch excommunication fakultas faculty facultas faculty The Dutch loanword faculteit was used before. forum forum forum public place, marketplace, forum forum Portuguese hosti sacramental bread hostia sacramental bread hostie Dutch sacramental bread humaniora humanities hūmāniōra humaniora Dutch intêrnuntius Papal internuntius internuntius intermediary, messenger kanonis canonical canonicus canonical kantata song cantata cantada Portuguese kardinal cardinal, a official of Catholic Church cardinālis hinge kardinaal Dutch cardinal, a official of Catholic Church kongrégasi Congregation congregātiō Congregation congregatie Dutch Congregation konkordat concordat concordatum concordat concordaat Dutch concordat konsèkrasi consecration cōnsecrātiō consecration consecratie Dutch consecration konsistori consistory consistorium consistory consistorie Dutch consistory kualitas quality qualitas Dutch-influenced informal spelling kwalitas is used sometimes. The Dutch word is kwaliteit. kuria curia curia curia curia Dutch curia légio Legion of Mary legio legion misa mass missa mass nihil nil, nothing, zero nihil nimbus nimbus nimbus nimbus, dark cloud nota bene actually, after look carefully, also nota bene examine closely novèna novena novēna novena oblasi the offering of worship, thanks etc. to a deity. oblātiō offering, gift oknum authority figure (police, soldier, prosecutor, judge) that perform unlawful or corrupted deed ocnum name personal (acc. form of ocnus "name") oratorium 1. chapel,
2. oratorio, a musical composition ōrātōrium place of prayer, oratory oratorium Dutch 1. chapel,
2. oratorio, a musical composition ordo 1. Catholics religious group,
2. a biological taxonomy level ōrdō series, class, group pater priest pater father pater Dutch father (priest) primas primate prīmus first rékolèksi a spiritual retreat recollectus to collect again rèktor rector rēctor leader, director, tutor rector Dutch rector rosario prayer beads, especially rosary rosarium a rose garden, rosary rosário Portuguese rosary sakramèn sacrament sacrāmentum sacrament sacrament Dutch sacrament sakriilegi sacrilege sacrilegium sacrilege sakristi sacristy sacristia vestry sacristie Dutch sacristy santa saint (female) sāncta saint (female) santa Portuguese saint (female) santo saint (male) sānctus saint (male) santo Portuguese saint (male) sêkulir secular clergy saecularis of the age status status status stipèndium alms (Church) stīpendium stipend tabêrnakêl tabernacle tabernaculum tent tabernakel Dutch tabernacle universitas university universitas The Dutch loanword universiteit was used before. vigili vigil vigil wake, watching, alert vikaris vicar vicar vicar From French Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning French
Word French
Meaning Source
Word Source
Meaning Source
Language Note Ref akur agree, get along well accord akkoord Dutch ala in style of à la angkét inquiry enquête enquête Dutch apanasê apanage apanage apanage argot argot, secret language argot argot arsip archives archives archief Dutch atasé attaché attaché attaché attaché attaché Dutch avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde avant-garde Dutch bugénfil bougainvillea bougainville bougainvillea bougainvillea bougainvillea Dutch bulat round boulette round chauvinisme chauvinism chauvinisme chauvinism didong, didon French dis donc! doblé, dublé gold-plated work doublé to double, duplicate domisili domicile domicile domicile drèsoar buffet dressoir dresser, sideboard entrepeneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur entrepreneur English gala 1. first,
2. festive galer (Old) to have fun; to enjoy oneself gala ball (formal dance) Dutch garnisun garrison garnison garrison garnisoen garrison Dutch guillotine guillotine guillotine guillotine impromptu improvised action impromptu improvised action intrik intrigue intrigue intrigue intrige intrigue Dutch kulot shorts culotte panties, shorts kado gift cadeau gift cadeau, kado gift Dutch kampanye campaign campagne campaign campagne campaign Dutch karantina quarantine quarantine quarantine quarantaine quarantine Dutch karoseri the body of vehicle, car, coach, or bus carrosserie bodywork, body (of car) carrosserie body, bodywork of a motorized vehicle. Dutch klise cliche cliché cliche cliché cliche Dutch kondèktur conductor (ticket-related) conducteur driver conducteur conductor (ticket-related) Dutch kornet cornet, a brass instrument cornet à pistons cornet, a brass instrument kudeta coup d'état coup d'état coup d'état kupe train seat coupé car legiun legion légion legion legioen legion Dutch letnan lieutenant lieutenant lieutenant luitenant lieutenant Dutch libur free (from activities) libre manuver maneuver manœuvre maneuver manoeuvre maneuver Dutch mayones mayonnaise mayonnaise mayonnaise mèmoar memoirs mémoire memoirs milieu milieu milieu milieu milieu milieu Dutch monseigneur monsignor monseigneur monsignor monseigneur monsignor Dutch première premiere première first première premiere Dutch,
English pual voile voile 1. veil.
2. sail restan remnant, remainder restant remnant, remainder restant remnant, remainder Dutch sabotase sabotage sabotage sabotage sabotage sabotage Dutch sepeda bicycle vélocipède bicycle supir driver chauffeur driver chauffeur driver Dutch tante aunt tante aunt tiras circulation, of newspaper or magazine tirage trotoar sidewalk trottoir sidewalk troittoir From English

Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic).

Word Meaning Original word astronot astronaut astronaut bisnis business business diskon discount discount elektronik electronic electronic gosip gossip gossip isu issue issue katering catering service catering komputer computer computer (Dutch: Computer) komplit complete complete (Dutch: Compleet) kondom condom condom konter counter counter (Germans: konter) modem modem modem moderen modern modern (Dutch: moderne) partner partner partner pilot pilot pilot (Dutch: Piloot) ponsel / HP read:Ha-Pé (shortened word from Hand Phone) cell phone hand phone (used in Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and South Korea) radar radar radar roket rocket rocket sistem system system (Dutch: Systeem) stroberi strawberry strawberry target target target From German

There is several words come from German language.[11] German language is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning German
Word German
Meaning Notes Ref ablaut apophony ablaut apophony [1]an sich by itself, per se an sich by itself, per se possible a Dutch loanword. [1]auf wiedersehen good bye auf wiedersehen good bye lit. until we meet again [1]Aufklärung Enlightenment Aufklärung Enlightenment The Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century. [1]Ausdauer endurance Ausdauer constancy, endurance, perseverance, persistence, stamina [1]Autobahn Autobahn, freeway Autobahn Autobahn, freeway [1]Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg, a World War II German military tactics Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg [1]das Sein existence das Sein existence [1]das Sollen to be intended das Sollen should Sollen expresses moral duty or the suggestion that something ought to be done. [1]Deutschland über alles Germany above all else Deutschland über alles Germany above all else [1]Dichtung und Wahrheit Poetry and Truth Dichtung und Wahrheit Poetry and Truth [1]Eisen und Blut Blood and Iron Eisen und Blut Blood and Iron [1]entweder oder choice entweder oder choice Used only in the pair "entweder ... oder", like either-or in English [1]eforus leader of Batak Christian Protestant Church Ephorus superintendent, metropolitan [1]firn firn firn firn [1]Föhn Foehn wind Föhn Foehn wind Föhn or foehn is a type of dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs in the lee (downwind side) of a mountain range. [1]Führer Führer, leader Führer Führer, leader [1]Geheime Staatspolizei Geheime Staatspolizei Geheime Staatspolizei Geheime Staatspolizei The Gestapo, abbreviation of Geheime Staatspolizei, or the Secret State Police, was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe. [1]Gestalt A collection of physical, biological, psychological or symbolic elements that creates a whole, unified concept or pattern which is other than the sum of its parts, due to the relationships between the parts (of a character, personality, entity, or being) Gestalt 1. shape, form,
2. image of some person,
figure, character (person) [1]hineininterpretierung subjective interpretation hineininterpretierung subjective interpretation Hitler-Jugend Hitler Youth Hitler-Jugend Hitler Youth [1]Kulturkampf Kulturkampf Kulturkampf Kulturkampf Kulturkampf (literally "culture struggle") refers to power struggles between emerging constitutional and democratic nation states and the Roman Catholic Church over the place and role of religion in modern polity, usually in connection with secularization campaigns. [1]Lebensraum 1. living space, habitat
2. lebensraum Lebensraum 1. living space, habitat
2. lebensraum [1]nazi Nazi Party nazi Nazi Party [1]opelet A sedan car whose seating arrangement is changed and adjusted as a public vehicle Opel Opel [1]realpolitik realpolitik realpolitik realpolitik [1]Schutzstaffel Schutzstaffel Schutzstaffel Schutzstaffel [1]Sitzkrieg Phoney War, warfare without progress, a stalemate Sitzkrieg Phoney War, warfare without progress, a stalemate [1]snorkel 1. snorkel (swimming gear, breathing tube)
2. submarine snorkel, snort Schnorchel 1. snorkel (swimming gear, breathing tube)
2. submarine snorkel, snort [1]Sturm und Drang Sturm und Drang Sturm und Drang Sturm und Drang [1]überhaupt at all; anyway; in the first place überhaupt at all; anyway; actually; even Übermensch Übermensch Übermensch Übermensch 1. (in Nietzschean philosophy) An overman (“higher” man) who has overcome (transcended) his (mere) humanity.
2. (Nazism ideology) A member of the proposed Aryan super race. [1]umlaut diaeresis (diacritic) umlaut diaeresis (diacritic) [1]vopo police VoPo volkspolizei Deutsche Volkspolizei (German People's Police) [1]Zeitgeist spirit of the age Zeitgeist spirit of the age [1]From North Germanic

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.

Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning North Germanic
Word North Germanic
Language North Germanic
Meaning Notes Ref fjord fjord fjord Danish fjord 1. fjord is a long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial erosion.
2. borrowing from Dutch fjord, Norwegian fjord, from Old Norse fjǫrðr. [1]kjökkenmodding(-er) midden køkkenmødding Danish midden [1]kjøkkenmødding Norwegian From Russian Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Russian
Word Russian
Transliteration Russian
Meaning Note Ref glasnost glasnost гла́сность glasnost publicity In 1986 the term was used by Mikhail Gorbachev as a political slogan for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti KGB, Committee for State Security Комитет Государственной Безопасности Komitet Gosudarstvennoj Bezopasnosti KGB, Committee for State Security The KGB, an initialism for Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, translated in English as Committee for State Security, was the main security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. perestroika perestroika, restructuring of the political and economic system. перестройка perestroika rebuilding rayon raion, a type of administrative unit район rajón raion, a type of administrative unit The term is a loanword from French rayon (lit. honeycomb, departement, radius). rubel ruble, a currency unit рубль rublʹ ruble, a currency unit samovar samovar, a kind of water boiler самовар samovar samovar, a kind of water boiler sputnik sputnik Спутник spútnik sputnik, a fellow traveler, satellite From Italian Indonesian
Word Indonesian
Meaning Italian
Word Italian
Meaning Note a prima vista at first sight a prima vista at first sight, (music) Sight-read. a tempo according to original tempo a tempo time, on time, in time accelerando A tempo mark directing that a passage is to be played at an increasing speed. accelerando accelerating aggiornamento bringing up to date, modernization aggiornamento bringing up to date, modernization allargando (music) decreasing in tempo; getting slower. allargando to broaden allegretto (music) should be played rather fast and lively allegretto cheerful arrivederci farewell, goodbye, see you later arrivederci farewell, goodbye, see you later campanilla bell tower campanilla small bell, handbell cantabile passage is to be played in a lyrical manner cantabile singable, capable being sung cavatina an operatic song in slow tempo cavatina an operatic song in slow tempo (celana) palazo palazo che sarà, sarà whatever happens, happens che sarà, sarà whatever happens, happens 1. che sarà, sarà is not a grammatically correct Italian phrase, but rather borrowed from English che sara sara, in turn a popular phrase constructed from Italian words. The grammatically correct Italian phrase is quel che sarà, sarà. con amore con amore con dolore con dolore con molta passione con molta passione cosa nostra cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia cosa nostra cosa nostra, Sicilian Mafia; lit. our thing crescendo An instruction to play gradually more loudly crescendo An instruction to play gradually more loudly da camera da camera da capo (musical) from the beginning da capo (musical) from the beginning da capo al fine (musical) from the beginning to the end da capo al end (musical) from the beginning to the end decrescendo to play gradually more softly. decrescendo to play gradually more softly. dolce far niente dolce far niente fortissimo played very loud. fortissimo played very loud. ghetto concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups ghetto concentrations of other ethnicities and then non-ethnic groups il duce the Leader il duce the Leader incognito without being known; in disguise incognito without being known; in disguise larghetto Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino. larghetto Slower than adagio but not as slow as largo; nearly andantino. lento (music) very slow. lento (music) very slow. lingua franca lingua franca lingua franca lingua franca (“Frankish language”) Lingua franca is a common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with one another, often a basic form of speech with simplified grammar. mezzo mezzo mezzo forte mezzo forte

See also

• List of English words of Indonesian origin
• Loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
• Indonesian history
• Differences between Malay and Indonesian

References

Bibliography

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External links

• Indonesian Etymology Database
• SEAlang Library Orthography search engine on Loan-Words in Indonesian and Malay